Some governments have used all four types, simultaneously or at different times. Some began with one approach and later shifted to another after assessing initial results. Other governments have used various combinations of the four A number of countries have devolved development management sponsibilities to local governments but have maintained strong indirect controls over them Privatization has usually evolved from situations in which private sector firms began offering goods and services that government provided poorly, or not at all, or only in some parts of the country, rather than from deliberate efforts by governments to divest themselves of public functions De concentration De concentration is the handing over of some amount of administrative authority or responsibility to lower levels within central government ministries and agencies It is a shifting of the workload from centrally ed officials to staff or offices outside of the national capital. De concentration. when it is more than mere reorganization gives some discretion to field agents to plan and implement programs and projects or to