contaminants in Hamilton is vehicular emissions (Sahsuvaroglu
et al., 2006). Hamilton is an important corridor connection between
the Greater Toronto Area and the United States. Two major
expressways traverse the city, which link to Buffalo, New York, and
Detroit, Michigan, in the United States. The city has been growing
with an increased suburban population that commutes to work and
emits significant amounts of air contaminants (Adams et al., 2012)