• Stage 3: Analysing mental sets that students lack. The nature of science concepts and students’ belief of science concepts provide the basis for determining particular mental sets students need for conceptual change.
• Stage 4: Designing dual-situated learning events. The design of each event needs to emphasise creating dissonance with students’ original beliefs of science concept, and providing a new mental set.
• Stage 5: Instructing with dual-situated learning events. During the instruction, each event allows students to confront their beliefs of science concepts, and stimulates their curiosity and interest by challenging their epistemological and ontological beliefs of science concepts. Moreover, each event also provides students new mental sets where knowledge reconstruction can occur.
• Stage 6: Instructing with challenging situated learning event. The design of a challenging situated learning event needs to combine all of the particular mental sets that students previously lacked and that have now been reconstructed through a series of dual-situated learning events.