Large-scale disasters cause conside

Large-scale disasters cause considerable damage to the built environment, resulting in serious disruptions to normal human activities and billions of dollars in property damages. Such disasters reveal vulnerabilities in infrastructure design and construction and test to the limit the planning, design, and construction abilities of engineers. This paper briefly reviews the impact of several large-scale disasters on the built environment and explores what engineers can do to be better prepared to deal with future disasters. The disasters examined in this paper are Hurricane Irene (2011), the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, Hurricane Katrina (2005), and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.

The built environment is the result of people’s work to enable and enhance human activities on Earth; in the narrow sense, it refers to human-made buildings and structures. According to Wikipedia (2012), the term built environment refers to “the human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelter and buildings to neighborhoods and cities that can often include their supporting infrastructure, such as water supply or energy networks.” Disasters of all sizes, especially large-scale ones, cause considerable damage to the built environment and disruption to power and communication systems, making normal human and emergency management activities difficult. This paper briefly examines the impact of several large-scale disasters on the built environment and explores what engineers can do to be better prepared to deal with future disasters. The disasters examined in this paper are Hurricane Irene (2011), the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, Hurricane Katrina (2005), and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.

Hurricane Irene
Hurricane Irene was a large and powerful hurricane that left extensive flood and wind damage along its path through the Caribbean, along the East Coast of the United States, and as far north as Atlantic Canada in late August 2011 (Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research 2011). Irene made landfall on August 21 as a Category 1 hurricane in Puerto Rico, where severe flooding resulted in significant property damage. The hurricane strengthened to Category 3 while passing through the Bahamas on August 24, leaving a trail of extensive structural damage in its wake. It made landfall over North Carolina’s Outer Banks on August 27 as a Category 1 hurricane and then moved along southeastern Virginia. After briefly reemerging over water and weakening to a tropical storm, Irene made a second U.S. landfall near Brigantine Island in New Jersey early on August 28 and a third U.S. landfall in the Coney Island area of Brooklyn, New York, later that day. Considerable damage occurred in eastern upstate New York and in Vermont, which suffered the worst flooding in centuries. Along its entire path, Irene caused widespread destruction and at least 56 deaths. Monetary losses in the Caribbean were estimated at US$3.1 billion (Fieser 2011) and, in the United States, at nearly $7 billion (Rugaber and Wagner 2011).
Hurricane Irene downed power lines, turned city streets into rivers, and threatened to shut down New York City. Transportation was shut down all along the East Coast, stranding residents and tourists in shelters, airports, and train stations. More than 5.8 million customers lost electricity, thousands of flights were cancelled, flooding washed out roads and destroyed homes, and evacuation orders were issued for hundreds of people.
Gales from Irene, combined with soil saturation caused by the extreme amounts of precipitation, uprooted many trees and power lines along the storm’s path. Coastal areas suffered extensive flood damage from a potent storm surge, with additional freshwater flooding reported in many areas. The storm spawned scattered tornadoes that caused significant property damage. Hurricane Irene did its worst damage inland, where heavy rainfall led to catastrophic flooding in eastern New York state that wiped out roads and railroads and nearly destroyed some small towns.
The serious and widespread destruction to the built environment in the regions affected by Hurricane Irene highlight the need to overhaul the nation’s ailing infrastructure. Even with tropical storm status, Irene caused 100-year floods, prompted historic evacuations, and shredded entire houses. Improving the condition of the nation’s infrastructure will improve its ability to better withstand large-scale disasters.

2010 Earthquake in Haiti
On January 12, 2010, a catastrophic, magnitude earthquake struck Haiti (Rodgers 2010). Its epicenter was near the town of Léogâne, approximately 16 miles west of Port-au-Prince, the capital. By January 24, at least 52 aftershocks measuring or greater had been recorded (New York Daily Times 2010; SOS Earthquakes 2011). The government of Haiti estimated that 250,000 residences and 30,000 commercial buildings collapsed or were severely damaged. The earthquake caused major damage in Port-au-Prince, Jacmel, and other settlements in the region. Many landmark buildings were significantly damaged or destroyed, including the Presidential Palace, the National Assembly building, the Port-au-Prince Cathedral, and the main jail. Communication systems; air, land, and sea transport facilities; hospitals; and electrical networks were damaged by the earthquake, hampering rescue and aid efforts.
The most extensive damage to buildings occurred on the soft sedimentary plains, where the amplification of surface seismic waves contributed to their collapse. But the survival of heavy water towers in low-lying areas shows the value of sound construction practices in averting disaster. The education and training of Haiti’s engineers and architects in engineering guidelines for earthquake-resistant design and construction of structures is thus vital for sustainable and safe reconstruction and rebuilding after the earthquake. An important issue is the need to introduce an adequate building code and building inspectors empowered to enforce it. Some key ideas being discussed in the rebuilding of Haiti include ensuring that a strip of land 30–40 m wide is kept clear of buildings on both sides of the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault; preventing construction on hilly ground so that buildings do not fall on top of each other during an earthquake; and not using land prone to waterlogging, which tends to liquefy when shaken during a major earthquake (McKie 2010).

Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina formed over the Bahamas on August 23, 2005, and crossed southern Florida as a moderate Category 1 hurricane, causing some deaths and flooding before strengthening rapidly in the Gulf of Mexico (Mosquedo and Porter 2007). The storm weakened before making its second landfall as a Category 3 storm on Monday, August 29, in southeast Louisiana. It caused severe destruction along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas, much of it caused by the storm surge. Most deaths occurred in New Orleans, Louisiana, which flooded as the levee system catastrophically failed (Swenson and Marshall 2005). Eventually, 80% of the city and large tracts of neighboring parishes became flooded, and the floodwaters lingered for weeks. However, the worst property damage occurred in coastal areas, where beachfront towns were flooded. The hurricane surge protection failures in New Orleans are considered the worst civil engineering disaster in U.S. history (Seed 2011). The major lesson from Hurricane Katrina is the catastrophic level of damage to buildings and infrastructure caused by the combination of hurricane-driven winds, storm surge, and flooding.

September 11 Terrorist Attacks
The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks were a series of four coordinated suicide attacks on New York City and the Washington, DC area (Bruneau et al. 2002). On that day, 19 terrorists from the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda hijacked four passenger jets. The hijackers intentionally crashed two planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City; both towers collapsed within two hours. Hijackers crashed a third jet into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and ensuing fires caused one section of the building to collapse. The fourth jet crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after passengers attempted to take control before it could reach the hijackers’ intended target. Nearly 3,000 people died in the attacks.
The Twin Towers were built to maximize useable office space; many support columns were placed toward the exterior of the building. The airplanes’ impact blew spray-on fireproofing off the trusses, leaving them vulnerable to the heat. Had the retardant remained, the steel trusses may have held firm until the fire burned itself out. Sheetrock was used to wall off the central core area, which included the emergency stairwells. Drywall is effective in resisting heat and flames but is weak and did not withstand the impact of the planes (Kennedy and Klein 2011).
Following the collapse of the Twin Towers, building laws and practices for high-rise buildings in New York City were revised. Tall buildings must now incorporate improved sprinkler systems, better exit signs, an additional stairway, and other features to help people exit quickly during emergencies. The International Code Council approved new safety regulations in the International Building Code and the International Fire Code that include additional stairways, more space between stairways, stronger walls in stairwells and elevator shafts, reinforced elevators for emergency use, stricter standards for construction materials, better fireproofing, backup water sources for the sprinkler system, glow-in-the-dark exit signs, and radio amplifiers for emergency communications. These safety changes were incorporated

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 1:

Large-scale disasters cause considerable damage to the built environment, resulting in serious disruptions to normal human activities and billions of dollars in property damages. Such disasters reveal vulnerabilities in infrastructure design and construction and test to the limit the planning, design, and construction abilities of engineers. This paper briefly reviews the impact of several large-scale disasters on the built environment and explores what engineers can do to be better prepared to deal with future disasters. The disasters examined in this paper are Hurricane Irene (2011), the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, Hurricane Katrina (2005), and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.The built environment is the result of people’s work to enable and enhance human activities on Earth; in the narrow sense, it refers to human-made buildings and structures. According to Wikipedia (2012), the term built environment refers to “the human-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity, ranging in scale from personal shelter and buildings to neighborhoods and cities that can often include their supporting infrastructure, such as water supply or energy networks.” Disasters of all sizes, especially large-scale ones, cause considerable damage to the built environment and disruption to power and communication systems, making normal human and emergency management activities difficult. This paper briefly examines the impact of several large-scale disasters on the built environment and explores what engineers can do to be better prepared to deal with future disasters. The disasters examined in this paper are Hurricane Irene (2011), the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, Hurricane Katrina (2005), and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001.Hurricane IreneHurricane Irene was a large and powerful hurricane that left extensive flood and wind damage along its path through the Caribbean, along the East Coast of the United States, and as far north as Atlantic Canada in late August 2011 (Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research 2011). Irene made landfall on August 21 as a Category 1 hurricane in Puerto Rico, where severe flooding resulted in significant property damage. The hurricane strengthened to Category 3 while passing through the Bahamas on August 24, leaving a trail of extensive structural damage in its wake. It made landfall over North Carolina’s Outer Banks on August 27 as a Category 1 hurricane and then moved along southeastern Virginia. After briefly reemerging over water and weakening to a tropical storm, Irene made a second U.S. landfall near Brigantine Island in New Jersey early on August 28 and a third U.S. landfall in the Coney Island area of Brooklyn, New York, later that day. Considerable damage occurred in eastern upstate New York and in Vermont, which suffered the worst flooding in centuries. Along its entire path, Irene caused widespread destruction and at least 56 deaths. Monetary losses in the Caribbean were estimated at US$3.1 billion (Fieser 2011) and, in the United States, at nearly $7 billion (Rugaber and Wagner 2011).Hurricane Irene downed power lines, turned city streets into rivers, and threatened to shut down New York City. Transportation was shut down all along the East Coast, stranding residents and tourists in shelters, airports, and train stations. More than 5.8 million customers lost electricity, thousands of flights were cancelled, flooding washed out roads and destroyed homes, and evacuation orders were issued for hundreds of people.Gales from Irene, combined with soil saturation caused by the extreme amounts of precipitation, uprooted many trees and power lines along the storm’s path. Coastal areas suffered extensive flood damage from a potent storm surge, with additional freshwater flooding reported in many areas. The storm spawned scattered tornadoes that caused significant property damage. Hurricane Irene did its worst damage inland, where heavy rainfall led to catastrophic flooding in eastern New York state that wiped out roads and railroads and nearly destroyed some small towns.The serious and widespread destruction to the built environment in the regions affected by Hurricane Irene highlight the need to overhaul the nation’s ailing infrastructure. Even with tropical storm status, Irene caused 100-year floods, prompted historic evacuations, and shredded entire houses. Improving the condition of the nation’s infrastructure will improve its ability to better withstand large-scale disasters.แผ่นดินไหวเฮติ 201012 มกราคม 2010 รุนแรง แผ่นดินไหวขนาดหลงเฮติ (ร็อดเจอร์ส 2010) เป็นจุดศูนย์กลางของใกล้เมือง Léogâne ประมาณ 16 กิโลเมตรทางตะวันตกของเมืองปอร์โตแปรงซ์ เมืองหลวง โดยที่ 24 มกราคม ระลอกน้อย 52 วัด หรือมากกว่าได้รับบันทึก (นิวยอร์กไทม์ 2010 ทุกวัน SOS เกิดแผ่นดินไหว 2011) รัฐบาลเฮติประมาณ 250000 ที่อยู่อาศัยและอาคารพาณิชย์ 30000 ยุบ หรือเสียหายอย่างร้ายแรง แผ่นดินไหวทำให้เกิดความเสียหายที่สำคัญในเมืองปอร์โตแปรงซ์ Jacmel และการชำระเงินอื่น ๆ ในภูมิภาค แลนด์มาร์คในอาคารได้อย่างมีนัยสำคัญเสียหาย หรือ ทำลาย รวมทั้งทำเนียบประธานาธิบดี อาคารรัฐสภา มหา วิหารเมืองปอร์โตแปรงซ์ และคุกหลัก ระบบการสื่อสาร แอร์ ที่ดิน และซี ส โรงพยาบาล และเครือข่ายไฟฟ้าเสียหายจากแผ่นดินไหว กระทบการกู้ภัยและช่วยเหลือThe most extensive damage to buildings occurred on the soft sedimentary plains, where the amplification of surface seismic waves contributed to their collapse. But the survival of heavy water towers in low-lying areas shows the value of sound construction practices in averting disaster. The education and training of Haiti’s engineers and architects in engineering guidelines for earthquake-resistant design and construction of structures is thus vital for sustainable and safe reconstruction and rebuilding after the earthquake. An important issue is the need to introduce an adequate building code and building inspectors empowered to enforce it. Some key ideas being discussed in the rebuilding of Haiti include ensuring that a strip of land 30–40 m wide is kept clear of buildings on both sides of the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault; preventing construction on hilly ground so that buildings do not fall on top of each other during an earthquake; and not using land prone to waterlogging, which tends to liquefy when shaken during a major earthquake (McKie 2010).
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina formed over the Bahamas on August 23, 2005, and crossed southern Florida as a moderate Category 1 hurricane, causing some deaths and flooding before strengthening rapidly in the Gulf of Mexico (Mosquedo and Porter 2007). The storm weakened before making its second landfall as a Category 3 storm on Monday, August 29, in southeast Louisiana. It caused severe destruction along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas, much of it caused by the storm surge. Most deaths occurred in New Orleans, Louisiana, which flooded as the levee system catastrophically failed (Swenson and Marshall 2005). Eventually, 80% of the city and large tracts of neighboring parishes became flooded, and the floodwaters lingered for weeks. However, the worst property damage occurred in coastal areas, where beachfront towns were flooded. The hurricane surge protection failures in New Orleans are considered the worst civil engineering disaster in U.S. history (Seed 2011). The major lesson from Hurricane Katrina is the catastrophic level of damage to buildings and infrastructure caused by the combination of hurricane-driven winds, storm surge, and flooding.

September 11 Terrorist Attacks
The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks were a series of four coordinated suicide attacks on New York City and the Washington, DC area (Bruneau et al. 2002). On that day, 19 terrorists from the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda hijacked four passenger jets. The hijackers intentionally crashed two planes into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City; both towers collapsed within two hours. Hijackers crashed a third jet into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, and ensuing fires caused one section of the building to collapse. The fourth jet crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, after passengers attempted to take control before it could reach the hijackers’ intended target. Nearly 3,000 people died in the attacks.
The Twin Towers were built to maximize useable office space; many support columns were placed toward the exterior of the building. The airplanes’ impact blew spray-on fireproofing off the trusses, leaving them vulnerable to the heat. Had the retardant remained, the steel trusses may have held firm until the fire burned itself out. Sheetrock was used to wall off the central core area, which included the emergency stairwells. Drywall is effective in resisting heat and flames but is weak and did not withstand the impact of the planes (Kennedy and Klein 2011).
Following the collapse of the Twin Towers, building laws and practices for high-rise buildings in New York City were revised. Tall buildings must now incorporate improved sprinkler systems, better exit signs, an additional stairway, and other features to help people exit quickly during emergencies. The International Code Council approved new safety regulations in the International Building Code and the International Fire Code that include additional stairways, more space between stairways, stronger walls in stairwells and elevator shafts, reinforced elevators for emergency use, stricter standards for construction materials, better fireproofing, backup water sources for the sprinkler system, glow-in-the-dark exit signs, and radio amplifiers for emergency communications. These safety changes were incorporated

ผลลัพธ์ (ไทย) 3:

ภัยพิบัติขนาดใหญ่ที่ก่อให้เกิดความเสียหายมากในสภาพแวดล้อมที่สร้างขึ้น ซึ่งในทางร้ายแรง กิจกรรมของมนุษย์ปกติและพันล้านดอลลาร์ในความเสียหายในทรัพย์สิน . ภัยพิบัติดังกล่าวเปิดเผยช่องโหว่ในการออกแบบโครงสร้างพื้นฐานและการก่อสร้างและการทดสอบเพื่อ จำกัด วางแผน ออกแบบ และสร้างความสามารถของวิศวกรบทความนี้รีวิวสั้น ๆผลกระทบของภัยพิบัติขนาดใหญ่หลายในการสร้างสภาพแวดล้อมและสำรวจสิ่งที่วิศวกรจะดีขึ้นเตรียมรับมือกับภัยพิบัติในอนาคต ผลการตรวจสอบในกระดาษนี้เป็นพายุเฮอริเคนไอรีน ( 2011 ) , 2010 แผ่นดินไหวใน เฮติ พายุเฮอริเคนแคทรีนา ( 2005 ) และการโจมตีก่อการร้าย 11 กันยายน 2001

สร้างสภาพแวดล้อมที่เป็นผลงานของคนเปิดและเพิ่มกิจกรรมของมนุษย์บนโลก ในความหมายแคบหมายถึงมนุษย์สร้างอาคารและโครงสร้าง ตามวิกิพีเดีย ( 2012 ) ระยะสร้างสภาพแวดล้อมหมายถึง " มนุษย์สร้างสภาพแวดล้อมที่ให้การตั้งค่าสำหรับกิจกรรมของมนุษย์ตั้งแต่ในระดับจากที่พักส่วนตัวและอาคารย่านและเมืองที่มักจะรวมถึงการสนับสนุนของโครงสร้างพื้นฐาน เช่น น้ำประปา หรือพลังงานเครือข่าย " ภัยพิบัติ ทุกขนาด โดยเฉพาะขนาดใหญ่ที่ก่อให้เกิดความเสียหายมากในการสร้างสภาพแวดล้อมและระบบพลังงานและการสื่อสารทำให้มนุษย์ปกติและกิจกรรมการจัดการฉุกเฉินยาก สั้น ๆ บทความนี้มุ่งพิจารณาถึงผลกระทบของภัยพิบัติขนาดใหญ่หลายในการสร้างสภาพแวดล้อมและสำรวจสิ่งที่วิศวกรจะดีขึ้นเตรียมรับมือกับภัยพิบัติในอนาคต ผลการตรวจสอบในกระดาษนี้เป็นพายุเฮอริเคนไอรีน ( 2011 ) , 2010 แผ่นดินไหวใน เฮติ พายุเฮอริเคนแคทรีนา ( 2548 )และการโจมตีก่อการร้าย 11 กันยายน 2001


พายุเฮอริเคนไอรีนพายุเฮอริเคนไอรีนเป็นขนาดใหญ่และมีประสิทธิภาพพายุเฮอริเคนที่เหลืออย่างละเอียดและลมความเสียหายน้ำท่วมตามเส้นทางผ่านทะเลตามชายฝั่งตะวันออกของสหรัฐอเมริกาและเป็นไกลเหนือเป็นแอตแลนติกแคนาดาในช่วงปลายเดือนสิงหาคม 2554 ( ศูนย์วิจัยวิศวกรรมแผ่นดินไหว 2011 สหสาขาวิชาชีพ )ไอรีน ทำให้แผ่นดินบน 21 สิงหาคมเป็นประเภท 1 พายุเฮอริเคนในเปอร์โตริโกที่น้ำท่วมรุนแรง ส่งผลสำคัญ ทรัพย์สินเสียหาย พายุเฮอริเคนเป็ ประเภทที่ 3 ในขณะที่ผ่านบาฮามาสเมื่อวันที่ 24 สิงหาคม ออกจากเส้นทางของความเสียหายของโครงสร้างที่กว้างขวางในการปลุกของ