Recognizing the climate for better performance, Likert and his associates explored the characteristics of high performance units as contrasted to low performance units. They addressed questions such as, Why do some managers get better results than others? What do effective managers do that dissipative managers do not? How to measure effectiveness of a manager? What criteria exist or can developed to measure results? Are objective and factual measures reliable or are they misleading? Likert classifies supervisors into two categories viz.,job-centered and employee-centered. The primary concern of the first category of supervisors is to ensure performance of assigned tasks and maintenance of prescribed standards. The characteristics of such supervisors are that they.