LCA research on Pangasius production in Vietnam to date has
only been published by Bosma et al. (2011), who performed a cradle
to farm gate LCA based on surveys at 30 farms and 5 feed mills in
2008, and data from at that time unpublished literature (Anh
et al., 2010). The hatchery stage was not included in the impact
assessment because it was assumed to be negligible compared to
the farming stage. Bosma et al. (2011) quantified the environmental
impact in terms of the following impact categories: global warming,
acidification, eutrophication, toxicity and primary energy
use. Feed production was identified as a hotspot in improving
environmental performance and recycling pond sludge for use as
fertiliser was recommended to reduce water pollution.