3.5. McGregor’s theory X and theory Y style
McGregor proposed two fundamental approaches to manage people, theory X and theory Y.
Theory X assumes that the average person will do all to avoid work and responsibility, and therefore must be
directed and forced to work (Burke and Barron). Liu, Fellow and Fang (2003) state theory X as employee-centred
or people-orientated.
Theory Y assumes that team members enjoy work and will take responsibility for applying and directing the
aims of the project. Team members may manage and work independently (Burke and Barron, 2007). Liu et al.
(2003) state theory Y as production-orientated.
3.6. Life cycle leadership style
The life cycle theory of leadership was developed by Hersey and Blanchard (1972).
The life cycle theory of leadership is a contingency approach. Hersey and Blanchard believe that leadership
must adapt to the ‘maturity’ of employees. Maturity does not mean emotional stability or age; it refers to work
maturity, that is, a desire to achieve, a willingness to accept responsibility, as well as working knowledge and relationship