We created dichotomous variables for maternaldiabetes(a combination of pregestational and gestational diabetes)and hypertension.We also created an indicator variable for delivery complications if any of the following maternal or infant conditions were noted in the medical record: chorioamnionitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, pregnancy-induced hypertension, pre-eclampsia, placenta previa, maternal bleeding or hemorrhage, placental abruption,breechposition,shoulderdystocia, other malpresentation, or umbilical cord prolapse.