Although Iran achieved impressive rates of economic growth and social progress, the shah’s autocratic methods and close relationship with the West, along with striking and persistent inequality, alienated large sections of the population. By 1978, domestic unrest had transformed into large-scale religious and political opposition to the shah. In this context, the shah increasingly depended on his government security and intelligence services, which in turn became notorious for violent repression and abuse. Unrest turned into massive demonstrations by a diverse set of nationalists, Islamists, Marxists, and student groups who united in opposition against the shah. By 1979, the shah had lost his grip on power and opposition groups led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini merged together, leading the shah to finally announce his intention to leave Iran.
On February 1, 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran from exile and quickly cemented his leadership by galvanizing a wide array of political groups under the banner of Islam, Iranian nationalism, and a rejection of foreign influence.9 The monarchy was dismantled and replaced with a theocratic republic guided by Islamic principles. Despite the drastic shift in political power, many of the human rights abuses and political unrest that occurred under the shah continued through the early days of the Islamic Republic. Domestic political turmoil spilled over into international relations when,
Although Iran achieved impressive rates of economic growth and social progress, the shah’s autocratic methods and close relationship with the West, along with striking and persistent inequality, alienated large sections of the population. By 1978, domestic unrest had transformed into large-scale religious and political opposition to the shah. In this context, the shah increasingly depended on his government security and intelligence services, which in turn became notorious for violent repression and abuse. Unrest turned into massive demonstrations by a diverse set of nationalists, Islamists, Marxists, and student groups who united in opposition against the shah. By 1979, the shah had lost his grip on power and opposition groups led by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini merged together, leading the shah to finally announce his intention to leave Iran.On February 1, 1979, Ayatollah Khomeini returned to Iran from exile and quickly cemented his leadership by galvanizing a wide array of political groups under the banner of Islam, Iranian nationalism, and a rejection of foreign influence.9 The monarchy was dismantled and replaced with a theocratic republic guided by Islamic principles. Despite the drastic shift in political power, many of the human rights abuses and political unrest that occurred under the shah continued through the early days of the Islamic Republic. Domestic political turmoil spilled over into international relations when,
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