Subjects with MDD and BPD were divided into remitted and unremitted subgroups based on
the total score of the HDRS-17 (7: remitted; >7: unremitted). Likewise, subjects with SZ were
divided into two subgroups based on their PANSS scores according to the criteria proposed by
Andreasen et al. [26]; to meet remission criteria, a subject’s scores for all of the following items
must remain under 4 for at least 6 months, and he/she must not have been hospitalized during
that period: delusion, conceptual disorganization, hallucinatory behavior, blunt affect, passive apathetic
social withdrawal, lack of spontaneity and flow of conversation, mannerisms and posturing,
unusual thought content. Those already given a clinical diagnosis of ASD were excluded.
However, we did not conduct a thorough and comprehensive evaluation of ASD diagnostics for
the present study. In addition, those who had intellectual disability were excluded. Full-scale IQs
were assessed using the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third edition (WAIS-III) [27] for 66
subjects withMDD (53%), 33 with BPD (59%), 36 with SZ (82%), and 58 with HC (89%); the remaining
subjects were clinically judged as functioning within normal range.
This study was approved by the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Ethics Committee
(23–185). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their inclusion
in the study.