In this study, Stanovich, et al. (1995) examined
the performance of college students and senior
citizens on general knowledge, vocabulary,
working memory, syllogistic reasoning, and several
measures of reading volume. The older
individuals outperformed the college students
on the measures of general knowledge and
vocabulary, but did significantly less well than
the college subjects on the working memory
and syllogistic reasoning tasks. This dissociation
between fluid intelligence (all-purpose
general problem-solving capacity) and crystallized
intelligence (general knowledge and
vocabulary) is a standard finding in the literature
(Baltes, 1987; Horn & Hofer, 1992;
Salthouse, 1988). However, a series of analyses
indicated that when measures of reading vol-