- make mathematics language explicit and underline the fact that mathematics is a community of practice with highly specialized forms of communication;
- give pupils opportunities to take possession of ways of making meanings, and to talk themselves into understanding;
- reveal the central practices of mathematics by laying bare the structure of mathematical argument and encouraging learners to try this for themselves;
- emphasize participation so that the identity of "mathematician" is available for all learners, who are given the means position;
- emphasize how learners can take possession of rules in the practice and become rule-makers themselves.