Although Williams’ argument was focused on representing historically disadvantaged groups, she built on the emerging discourse of group representation to cast political representation as fundamentally about inclusion and exclusion—that is, about the basic problems of democratic theory and practice (cf. Phillips 1995, ch. 7). At the same time, the strain of thinking originated by Manin—that focusing on the relationship between representation and political judgment—increasingly intersected with deliberative democracy, drawing the “aristocratic” approach to representation closer to democratic problems of discursive inclusion (Plotke 1997, Young 2000, Ankersmit 2002, Urbinati 2005, cf. Williams 2000). Together, these lineages are now producing a new wave of democratic theory.