Nutrition therapy was instructed by dieticians as follows: a
30 kcal/kg/day diet of pre-gestational ideal body weight to
obese women (BMI 25 kg/m2) and a 35 kcal/kg/day diet to
non-obese women (BMI < 25 kg/m2) comprised of carbohy-
drates at 50–60% of total calories. All patients were instructed
to take ‘‘six-times-divided meals’’ in which the carbohydrate
content was divided into three small-sized main meals and
three snacks. The nutritional counseling was performed in a
personal interview at the first diagnosis of GDM, and was
repeated one to three additional times during the gestational
period depending on the adherence to the nutritional therapy
of the patient. The patients were also instructed to monitor
their blood glucose at home. When a patient’s fasting and
preprandial blood glucose level >100 mg/dL or the postprandial
2-h blood glucose level >120 mg/dL continued for more
than 2 weeks after the initiation of nutrition therapy, the
patient was treated with insulin.