Basic disparities in interest between the sending and destination states are always likely to make it difficult to create a comprehensive international framework, but there are governance structures beyond the state that do bring together groups of countries and focus on particular migration issues. Rather than yearning for an international framework that appears unlikely to be realized, the work collected in this volume encourages readers to consider the forms and content of governance beyond the state, the scope and effects of regional and international co-operation and whether the persistence of a fragmented “regime complex” could offer potential for migration governance beyond the state