These observations imply that weak interlayer and interfilament interactions
(assumed for samples prepared with 300% printing width)
cannot generate sufficient swelling stress to induce high curvature of
hygromorph biocomposites, as confirmed by swelling measurements
(Fig. 4b). At the same time, the higher porosity could promote water
transport and thus enhance the actuation speed. Compared to compression
moulding, the FDM process leads to material characteristics which
are suitable for a range of moisture-induced biocomposite actuation
functionalities and which are associated with improved mechanical
properties