From ergonomics perspective, manual material transfer is a high risk activity that could cause spinal injuries.
From physiology aspect, manual material transfer requires high amount of energy and strength. Hence, all activities,
if carried out incorrectly, could cause inflammation at the nerves and muscles (Muslimah et al., 2006). MMH
activities that involve high physical demands, continuous bending, crouching and hip twisting could disrupt the
musculoskeletal system (Deros et al. 2010a; Deros et al. 2010b; Deros et al. 2011; Ismail et al. 2009). The main
source of this problem is the bearing of static loads repeatedly in a long period of time, which causes tensions or
disruptions on the joints, tendons and ligaments. This is known as Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD).