Figure 4
Selective breeding experiment for the outward type. (A) Modification-type profiles for generations (from the first generation [G1] to the tenth generation [G10]) after the cold-shock treatment. The fourth generation was treated differently, producing ...
Intriguingly, we obtained a small number of the outward type without immediate cold-shock treatment to pupae in the third generation (Fig. (Fig.4C).4C). From the sixth to tenth generations without immediate treatment to pupae, the proportion of the outward type (defined as modification rate, MR) suddenly increased to 30-50% and appeared to be further increasing up until the tenth generation, although the degree of modifications in a given individual was not very severe even in the tenth generation. Nonetheless, the outward modifications were clearly distinguishable from the normal color-pattern (Fig. 4H-J). Failure rate (FR) in the selection line became around 30% in the sixth generation and gradually decreased in the subsequent generations (Fig. (Fig.4D4D).
Survey for historical records of the modified forms
No modified individual of Z. maha was described in the compilation of butterflies in Akita Prefecture [9,10]. However, two severe outward-type individuals caught in the previous northern rage margins of