Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing word wide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing word wide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Date available
Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and
The publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breast-feeding
Chapter 27
Health impact assessment in japan
Yoshihisa fujino
Although few HIAs have been performed in japan, interest in HIA among public health professionals has increased rapidly. No HIA has been formally commissioned by national or local government, and the term ‘HIA’ has not appeared in any governmental statement, including statements on EIA.
Experience of HIA to date has been limited to a few academic studies done on a voluntary basis1-3
Japan is now at the stage of spreading interest in and awareness of HIA. In 2008 an English language book on HIA was translated into Japanese and published. After publication, the translators, under the auspices of the Japanese Society of public health, called together an HIA discussion group, in which about 50 public health professionals took part and started to learn about HIA. In 2009 and 2010, this group invited two HIA consultants from the UK to conferences at Tokyo, Nagoya, and Fukuoka. These consultants also made presentations to the ministry of land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. These activities raised interest in HIA, particularly among public health professionals.
The major factor driving interest in HIA in japan is the increased attention given to issues of health inequity. As in other countries, inequality has become a major social problem in japan, although only since 2000, i.e. a decade after other countries. The final report of the WHO Commission on the Social Determinants of Health has played a particularly important role. One of its three major recommendations concerns the implementation of HIA at the national level, and this has successfully raised the profile of HIA and given it credibility at a time when very few people knew about it. The most interest in and understanding of HIA is currently found in the field of social epidemiology, where the ideas of the social determinants of health and the socioenviron-mental model of health have become major research fields. Although EIA has been suggested to be one of the three origins of HIA, alongside social determinants of health, and health, and health inequality HIA has received little attention from environmental experts.
HIA guidelines from the Japanese society of public health
The most obvious progress in HIA in japan is the publication of HIA guidelines by the Japanese society of public Health in November 2011. The Japanese Society of public Health has more than 8000 health professional members, including public health practitioners, researchers, academicians, and local and national government officials. By publishing HIA guidelines the society aims to spread knowledge of HIA among its members, particularly local government staff.
The guidelines were informed by guidelines previously published in other countries They describe the basic concepts of HIA and explain links between policy and health based on the socioenvironmental model of health. The largest section of the guidelines suggests how to conduct screening. They also emphasizes the importance of HIA non-health sector policy, and provides the context of Japanese policy formulation.
The guidelines describe three cases of HIA screening as examples. The first case is an HIA for transition to a core city. Transition to a core city is a decentralizing process, which has been promoted nationally with the aim of transferring as much authority and financial resource as possible to regional government. The second case is an HIA of the Japanese Government’s proposal to introduce so-called white collar exemption into the Japanese labour market by revising the Labour standards law to exempt white-collar workers from work-hour regulations so that they would not be entitled to receive over-time pay. The third case is an HIA for the Government’s proposal to combine the current system of separate ‘nursery schools’ and ‘Kindergartens’. In Japan, there are two types of child-care facility. Nursery schools are overseen by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and provide basic care services for children while their parents are at work. Kindergartens are overseen by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, and provide early childhood education. This proposal aims to provide sufficient volume of service and a high standard of education for children in order to address a persistent lack of capacity in nursery schools.
Barriers to HIA
There are several barriers to the development of HIA in Japan. First, little information about HIA is available in the Japanese language, and some technical terms that are commonly used in the HIA world do not have appropriate equivalents in Japanese. For example, the terms ‘scoping’ terms of reference, and strategic cannot be directly translated into commonly used Japanese, and
Risk assessment and quantitative methods. The public health terms and concepts, such as social determinants of health, participatory approach, and health concern, including physical, mental, and social well-being, were totally unfamiliar to them. Without clear legal guidance, they preferred to stop projects even with the huge costs of cancellation rather than to undertake an HIA with uncertain requirements. Staff in one company said, ‘we would be happy to do an HIA if we knew what was required. Without guidelines or explicit specifications, preferably by the Thai
Government itself, we cannot accept the risk of repeated reattempts of assessment, It seems that the impact assessment needed for Map Ta Put was seen as a special form of EIA and the companies tended to approach the issue within the framework of an EIA, so that important features of HIA, such as ‘public participation’ ,’public review’ , and ‘social determinants of health, were over looked, although these were the very issues on which the people of Map Ta Put wanted to focus.
AS a result of map to put HIA has unfortunately come to be considered as a global risk by business firms before Japanese society has had the opportunity to learn of its essential merits and importance. This experience may in turn impact on future discussion on the use of HIA in various fields, including environment, business, and health. Even SEA is perceived to some degree to be a burden for business and has not been legislated for in Japan. Moreover official guidance for SEA announced by the national government excludes electric power plants because of arguments from stakeholders, such as electric companies.
HIA in occupational health
Although HIA has not been used by national or local governments in Japan, it has already been adopted for use in occupational settings. The basic idea of HIA in occupational settings derives from the fact that the company, regardless of its size is a community in which people share the same purpose, culture, and behaviors Many corporate activities have a significant impact on the health of employees, their families, and the surrounding community. These activities are generally guided by business objectives, with little consideration for health and well-being and occupational health professionals have very few opportunities to play a role in decision making for business-related issues. Pilot studies of HIA conducted in various occupational settings have been concerned with the following issues.
- Closure and relocation of an office
- Opening of new factory abroad
- Introduction of a shift-work schedule for women in a factory
- Extension of retirement age
- Business consolidation
- Ban on smoking
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing word wide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing word wide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above.
You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Date available
Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and
The publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. Except where otherwise stated, drug dosages and recommendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breast-feeding
Chapter 27
Health impact assessment in japan
Yoshihisa fujino
Although few HIAs have been performed in japan, interest in HIA among public health professionals has increased rapidly. No HIA has been formally commissioned by national or local government, and the term ‘HIA’ has not appeared in any governmental statement, including statements on EIA.
Experience of HIA to date has been limited to a few academic studies done on a voluntary basis1-3
Japan is now at the stage of spreading interest in and awareness of HIA. In 2008 an English language book on HIA was translated into Japanese and published. After publication, the translators, under the auspices of the Japanese Society of public health, called together an HIA discussion group, in which about 50 public health professionals took part and started to learn about HIA. In 2009 and 2010, this group invited two HIA consultants from the UK to conferences at Tokyo, Nagoya, and Fukuoka. These consultants also made presentations to the ministry of land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. These activities raised interest in HIA, particularly among public health professionals.
The major factor driving interest in HIA in japan is the increased attention given to issues of health inequity. As in other countries, inequality has become a major social problem in japan, although only since 2000, i.e. a decade after other countries. The final report of the WHO Commission on the Social Determinants of Health has played a particularly important role. One of its three major recommendations concerns the implementation of HIA at the national level, and this has successfully raised the profile of HIA and given it credibility at a time when very few people knew about it. The most interest in and understanding of HIA is currently found in the field of social epidemiology, where the ideas of the social determinants of health and the socioenviron-mental model of health have become major research fields. Although EIA has been suggested to be one of the three origins of HIA, alongside social determinants of health, and health, and health inequality HIA has received little attention from environmental experts.
HIA guidelines from the Japanese society of public health
The most obvious progress in HIA in japan is the publication of HIA guidelines by the Japanese society of public Health in November 2011. The Japanese Society of public Health has more than 8000 health professional members, including public health practitioners, researchers, academicians, and local and national government officials. By publishing HIA guidelines the society aims to spread knowledge of HIA among its members, particularly local government staff.
The guidelines were informed by guidelines previously published in other countries They describe the basic concepts of HIA and explain links between policy and health based on the socioenvironmental model of health. The largest section of the guidelines suggests how to conduct screening. They also emphasizes the importance of HIA non-health sector policy, and provides the context of Japanese policy formulation.
The guidelines describe three cases of HIA screening as examples. The first case is an HIA for transition to a core city. Transition to a core city is a decentralizing process, which has been promoted nationally with the aim of transferring as much authority and financial resource as possible to regional government. The second case is an HIA of the Japanese Government’s proposal to introduce so-called white collar exemption into the Japanese labour market by revising the Labour standards law to exempt white-collar workers from work-hour regulations so that they would not be entitled to receive over-time pay. The third case is an HIA for the Government’s proposal to combine the current system of separate ‘nursery schools’ and ‘Kindergartens’. In Japan, there are two types of child-care facility. Nursery schools are overseen by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, and provide basic care services for children while their parents are at work. Kindergartens are overseen by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, and provide early childhood education. This proposal aims to provide sufficient volume of service and a high standard of education for children in order to address a persistent lack of capacity in nursery schools.
Barriers to HIA
There are several barriers to the development of HIA in Japan. First, little information about HIA is available in the Japanese language, and some technical terms that are commonly used in the HIA world do not have appropriate equivalents in Japanese. For example, the terms ‘scoping’ terms of reference, and strategic cannot be directly translated into commonly used Japanese, and
Risk assessment and quantitative methods. The public health terms and concepts, such as social determinants of health, participatory approach, and health concern, including physical, mental, and social well-being, were totally unfamiliar to them. Without clear legal guidance, they preferred to stop projects even with the huge costs of cancellation rather than to undertake an HIA with uncertain requirements. Staff in one company said, ‘we would be happy to do an HIA if we knew what was required. Without guidelines or explicit specifications, preferably by the Thai
Government itself, we cannot accept the risk of repeated reattempts of assessment, It seems that the impact assessment needed for Map Ta Put was seen as a special form of EIA and the companies tended to approach the issue within the framework of an EIA, so that important features of HIA, such as ‘public participation’ ,’public review’ , and ‘social determinants of health, were over looked, although these were the very issues on which the people of Map Ta Put wanted to focus.
AS a result of map to put HIA has unfortunately come to be considered as a global risk by business firms before Japanese society has had the opportunity to learn of its essential merits and importance. This experience may in turn impact on future discussion on the use of HIA in various fields, including environment, business, and health. Even SEA is perceived to some degree to be a burden for business and has not been legislated for in Japan. Moreover official guidance for SEA announced by the national government excludes electric power plants because of arguments from stakeholders, such as electric companies.
HIA in occupational health
Although HIA has not been used by national or local governments in Japan, it has already been adopted for use in occupational settings. The basic idea of HIA in occupational settings derives from the fact that the company, regardless of its size is a community in which people share the same purpose, culture, and behaviors Many corporate activities have a significant impact on the health of employees, their families, and the surrounding community. These activities are generally guided by business objectives, with little consideration for health and well-being and occupational health professionals have very few opportunities to play a role in decision making for business-related issues. Pilot studies of HIA conducted in various occupational settings have been concerned with the following issues.
- Closure and relocation of an office
- Opening of new factory abroad
- Introduction of a shift-work schedule for women in a factory
- Extension of retirement age
- Business consolidation
- Ban on smoking
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