Equivalent figures, to that above, could be developed for the other issues, underlining the
overall interconnectivity and the need for an integrated and holistic approach. To this end
the ecosystem approach must underpin all aspects of the Blue Economy incorporating interrelationships,
knock-on effects, externalities and the true costs and benefits of activities in
terms of the natural blue capital.
a). Sustainable use of biodiversity
The natural capital of many marine and coastal ecosystems has been degraded, impacting
upon the provision of services and livelihoods. Approximately 20% of the world’s coral reefs
have been lost and another 20% degraded5
. Mangroves have been reduced to 30-50% of
their historical cover and it is estimated that 29% of seagrass habitats have disappeared
since the late eighteen hundreds6
.
An ecosystem approach is required that factors in restoration of biodiversity and renewable
resources, and proper management of resource extraction. For example in fisheries, some
of the renowned “Sunken Billions”7
could be restored providing the basis for productive,
efficient, sustainable fisheries and enhanced food security. The scientific determination and
designation of appropriate MPAs can play a key role in this regard reconstituting
biodiversity, ecosystem services and general resilience to other system shocks. Currently
only some 2% of our oceans are protected, despite the CBD/WSSD 2012 target of a
representative 10% area, whereas approximately 12% of terrestrial areas are under
protection.
b) Food security
In the context of the Blue Economy food security is very closely related to the sustainable
use of biodiversity particularly where it pertains to the exploitation of wild fisheries. 1 billion
people in developing countries depend on seafood for their primary source of protein