Vegetables contain many antioxidant compounds. Polyphenols constitute the largest group of these biologically active constituents. Vitamin C and polyphenols are commonly recognised as a major naturally occurring nutrients and antioxidants in diet. Epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between an increased consumption of phenolic antioxidants and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer. Processing and preparation, especially thermal treatment, which are applied prior to consumption, may affect these phytochemicals. Vitamin C is one of the most sensitive vitamin. For this reason it is often used to evaluate the influences of food processing on vitamin contents (Bognár, 1989). Like vitamin C, phenolic antioxidants are water-soluble and can be leached from vegetables tissues by processing in water (Gil, Ferreres, & Tomas-Barberan, 1999).
Many people have no opportunity to eat fresh vegetables every day and frequently use frozen vegetables, mainly for convenience, time-saving and practical reasons (Ninfali & Bacchiocca, 2003). Food freezing is among the most efficient and adequate preservation methods. The low temperatures commonly used for frozen foods can maintain initial quality and nutritive value practically unchanged. Canning is one of the main methods used by the food industry to preserve seasonally available vegetables. As ready-to-eat products, canned vegetables are easily prepared for consumption and can be stored for long periods at above-zero temperatures. However, Jaworska, Kmiecik, and Maciejaszek (2001) pointed out that the nutritive value of canned vegetables is significantly reduced, and Hunter and Fletcher (2002) found that the antioxidative activity in sterilized vegetables is lower than in frozen products.
The aim of the present work was to investigate qualitative changes in kale leaves after preliminary processing and preservation by freezing and canning. The level of selected antioxidative constituents, namely vitamin C and polyphenol compounds, formed the criterion for evaluation. The investigation covered raw kale leaves, leaves after preliminary processing (blanching and cooking), two kinds of frozen products; one obtained using the traditional method (kale leaves blanched before freezing) and the other a convenience type food product (kale leaves cooked to consumption consistency before freezing); and two kinds of canned products: from cut and from ground leaves. Both frozen and canned products were evaluated directly after processing and after one year of storage.
Vegetables contain many antioxidant compounds. Polyphenols constitute the largest group of these biologically active constituents. Vitamin C and polyphenols are commonly recognised as a major naturally occurring nutrients and antioxidants in diet. Epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between an increased consumption of phenolic antioxidants and a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer. Processing and preparation, especially thermal treatment, which are applied prior to consumption, may affect these phytochemicals. Vitamin C is one of the most sensitive vitamin. For this reason it is often used to evaluate the influences of food processing on vitamin contents (Bognár, 1989). Like vitamin C, phenolic antioxidants are water-soluble and can be leached from vegetables tissues by processing in water (Gil, Ferreres, & Tomas-Barberan, 1999).
Many people have no opportunity to eat fresh vegetables every day and frequently use frozen vegetables, mainly for convenience, time-saving and practical reasons (Ninfali & Bacchiocca, 2003). Food freezing is among the most efficient and adequate preservation methods. The low temperatures commonly used for frozen foods can maintain initial quality and nutritive value practically unchanged. Canning is one of the main methods used by the food industry to preserve seasonally available vegetables. As ready-to-eat products, canned vegetables are easily prepared for consumption and can be stored for long periods at above-zero temperatures. However, Jaworska, Kmiecik, and Maciejaszek (2001) pointed out that the nutritive value of canned vegetables is significantly reduced, and Hunter and Fletcher (2002) found that the antioxidative activity in sterilized vegetables is lower than in frozen products.
The aim of the present work was to investigate qualitative changes in kale leaves after preliminary processing and preservation by freezing and canning. The level of selected antioxidative constituents, namely vitamin C and polyphenol compounds, formed the criterion for evaluation. The investigation covered raw kale leaves, leaves after preliminary processing (blanching and cooking), two kinds of frozen products; one obtained using the traditional method (kale leaves blanched before freezing) and the other a convenience type food product (kale leaves cooked to consumption consistency before freezing); and two kinds of canned products: from cut and from ground leaves. Both frozen and canned products were evaluated directly after processing and after one year of storage.
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