samples. Furthermore, as these methods are performed in the
fluorometric or spectrophotometric mode, the number of
samples screened can be limited [2,4e7,9]. Nevertheless, these
limitations can be overcome by some other toxin detection
techniques such as liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
and multidimensional protein identification [6]. Yet, the
requirement of sophisticated instrumentation as well as lack
of portability and user friendliness still limits their wide-scale
application. Thus, the development of an advanced detection
method with nanomaterials as a platform is crucial.