The hypotheses are tested using data from a survey undertaken in cooperation with PricewaterhouseCoopers Global Human Resource Solutions (GHRS) in Tokyo. Target
respondents were employed at firms located in the Greater Tokyo Metropolitan area with at
least 500 employees, operating in a wide range of industries: manufacturing; service;
financial; transportation; construction; wholesale/retail; utilities (electricity, gas, and water); and mining. The web-enabled survey, conducted in 2002, yielded a total of 623 respondents:
209 from managerial ranks (i.e., kacho and bucho levels) and 414 from employee levels