Over the past years, environmental microbiology has evolved to generate high quality data in both fundamental and applied sciences. This growing field also reflects the increasing interest of the citizens and decision makers in their environment, and also a deeper attention to the main players responsible for the functioning of ecosystems that microbes are. For instance, microorganisms constitute over 90% of the living biomass in the seas. Molecular tools including the recent "omics" approaches have revolutionized the study of microorganisms in their environment. The current molecular toolbox encompasses a range of DNA-based technologies and
new methods for the study of RNA, proteins, and lipids extracted from environmental samples. Major advances have recently been made in identifying and enabling a holistic view
at the composition and dynamics of predominantly unculturable microbial communities. With powerful molecular taxonomic tools, microbiologists are able to establish a catalog of
microbial communities from deep subsurface to mountain peaks. Microbial biodiversity appears astounding and exceeds anything that had been previously thought. Beyond, it is now
imperative to assess the activities and roles of the microbial players to determine where and when they are active, and how they impact the ecosystem dynamics. Microbiologists are
therefore now facing the tough challenge of assigning and coupling function of microbial communities to their structure in complex environments.
Over the past years, environmental microbiology has evolved to generate high quality data in both fundamental and applied sciences. This growing field also reflects the increasing interest of the citizens and decision makers in their environment, and also a deeper attention to the main players responsible for the functioning of ecosystems that microbes are. For instance, microorganisms constitute over 90% of the living biomass in the seas. Molecular tools including the recent "omics" approaches have revolutionized the study of microorganisms in their environment. The current molecular toolbox encompasses a range of DNA-based technologies andnew methods for the study of RNA, proteins, and lipids extracted from environmental samples. Major advances have recently been made in identifying and enabling a holistic viewat the composition and dynamics of predominantly unculturable microbial communities. With powerful molecular taxonomic tools, microbiologists are able to establish a catalog ofmicrobial communities from deep subsurface to mountain peaks. Microbial biodiversity appears astounding and exceeds anything that had been previously thought. Beyond, it is nowimperative to assess the activities and roles of the microbial players to determine where and when they are active, and how they impact the ecosystem dynamics. Microbiologists aretherefore now facing the tough challenge of assigning and coupling function of microbial communities to their structure in complex environments.
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