A 60-year-old male is diag- nosed with muscle-invasive bladder cancer. He was seen by his local urologist after two episodes of hematuria. Patient denied dysuria, urgency, or fre- quency. He had no recent weight loss, shortness of breath, or symptoms of bone pain. He underwent a cystoscopy and bladder biopsy that revealed muscle-invasive bladder cancer. He was referred to the academic medical center for further evalua- tion and treatment.
Past history included tobac- co use of three packs/day for 45 years; however, the patient stopped smoking 1 year ago after a severe upper respiratory infec- tion. He works full time as an independent painting contractor. No other health problems were reported. He is married and has two adult sons; the sons are not employed in his business. The complete blood count and com- plete metabolic count, especially the BUN and creatinine, were within normal limits for age. The chest x-ray and CT scans of the abdomen and pelvis were also normal. The consulting urologist
discussed options for continent diversion, and explained that his chances for long-term, disease- free recovery were excellent. He was referred to the urologic nurse for additional teaching
In the first meeting with the urologic nurse, the patient was very agitated and anxious, announcing he did not have time for this teaching session and could not plan any surgery at this time due to the constraints of his business. His immediate con- cerns centered on his ability to pay his bills, support his family, and maintain his business. Compounding these concerns were fear, anxiety, grief, and knowledge deficit regarding the cancer diagnosis and the need to undergo surgery to remove his bladder. His wife was present, and equally anxious and tearful.
Once the patient’s concerns were validated and discussed, potential community resources to help them through this diffi- cult time were identified. These included hiring associates who could work as subcontractors, identifying his wife as temporary bookkeeper, and involving the social worker to mobilize the other available community re- sources. The initial teaching ses- sion was concluded with mini- mal information being given to the patient about the surgery, but the steps taken to help him plan for his surgery contributed to a significant change in his behav- ior and willingness to consider future options. Flexibility in addressing the patient’s primary concerns rather than implement- ing the planned teaching session fostered the therapeutic nurse- patient relationship. An evening appointment was made for the next teaching session, so as to not interfere with his painting busi- ness. He was given written mate- rial to review at home prior to the next session.
At the second session, readi- ness to learn was assessed. First, the patient was asked to explain
what he understood about the proposed surgery. He was asked if he read the material given to him at the last teaching session. He was given the opportunity to ask questions, which were then used to direct the teaching ses- sion. Body language, eye contact, and focused attention span all indicated the patient was express- ing his willingness to learn. Based upon the patient’s description of the surgery, information about anatomical changes, pre and post- operative care, and expected recovery time were discussed. Visual aids used to enhance the teaching session included an anatomical model of the bladder, prostate, and seminal vesicles. A pictorial drawing of the bowel and remodeled bladder helped the patient to understand the construction of the new bladder. The final visual aid was a repre- sentative picture of his body with the incision marked and the sites of the various drainage tubes. The written material given to him was a review of the verbal discussion regarding the pre and postoperative care. Adequate time was allowed for the patient and his wife to ask questions. As the session concluded, the uro- logic nurse provided the patient with information about the upcoming monthly support group meeting. The patient was encouraged to attend these meet- ings prior to his surgery. These meetings offer an opportunity for patients to share their experi- ences, and to support and encourage others beginning this journey. According to Peplau, developing a new sense of com- munity and comfort in a chang- ing environment, such as partici- pating in support groups, is criti- cal to maintain a positive self- image and a return to optimal health (Peplau, 1992).
The patient selected the orthotopic neobladder diversion. This surgery involves removing the bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, appendix, some of the regional nodes, and subsequent creation of a new bladder which is then connected to the urethra. This option was chosen because it provided the “most normal” approach to voiding. The patient felt that although the risk of noc- turnal incontinence was approxi- mately 10%, the benefits of a less-altered body image out- weighed the risks. He felt that routine clean intermittent cathe- terization through the stoma would impede his ability to con- tinue his painting business and make it difficult for him to main- tain his privacy about his surgery. He expressed concerns about not getting painting con- tracts if customers knew about his health condition. He under- stood the risk of erectile dysfunc- tion was similar for all of the sur- gical options presented to him.
Two units of autologous blood were donated in the weeks prior to the surgery. He stopped all aspirin and aspirin-containing medications as well as all over- the-counter medications 1 week prior to surgery. Bowel-cleansing procedures began on the day before surgery and included oral intake of 3 ounces of Fleet® phos- phosoda at 10 a.m., followed by clear liquids only and antibiotics (1 gram of neomycin and ery- thromycin, at 1 p.m., 2 p.m., and 10 p.m.). He was instructed to not eat or drink after midnight.
The patient was admitted to the hospital 2 hours before the surgery and taken to the pre- admission area. In the pre-admis- sion area he was again seen by the urology nurse who reviewed the education material and re- affirmed his choice of surgical intervention. Opportunity to ask questions was given. The patient was then marked for an optimal stoma site in the event the neobladder was unable to be per- formed.
While hospitalized, daily teaching sessions were planned, consisting of a review of the pre- vious day’s lessons as well as
presentation of new information. The patient and his wife were taught to irrigate the neobladder, using 0.9 NS in 30 cc increments to remove mucus and blood clots. They were taught how to clean the irrigation equipment and where to purchase additional supplies as necessary. Teaching strategies stressed the impor- tance of maintaining the patency of the drainage tubes and the consequences of a blocked drainage tube. These lessons involved verbal, written, and hands-on demonstration and return demonstration. Final teaching sessions discussed the most common reasons for emer- gency room visits and how to prevent the need for these visits. A final question and answer peri- od was arranged prior to dis- charge. The patient was also given access numbers for the nurse and the physicians.
Short-term goals included maintenance of the integrity of the urinary diversion, return to normal activity, improved nutri- tional status, and perhaps most importantly a focus on the psy- chosocial aspects of recovery. Anxiety, fear, anger, and depres- sion can impede the learning process. Utilization of clergy, social service, or psychologists may be beneficial and should be considered.
The patient was discharged on postoperative day 8. He demonstrated care of the urinary drainage tubes and incision. He was given supplies for home use. He verbalized the importance of adequate protein in his diet and the need for six small meals daily. He also was to start taking a multivitamin daily. Protein bars and shakes had been purchased by his wife for home use. The patient stated that drinking two quarts of fluid a day seemed dif- ficult but he understood that it was necessary. Family members were recruited to assist him in his daily walks, and provided needed social contacts.
The physician provided the patient with the final pathology report that staged the bladder tumor as T1, N0, M0, indicating that the cancer had not penetrat- ed through the bladder wall and did not involve any nodes or spread to any distant sites (see Figure 1). As part of the dis- charge teaching session, the uro- logic nurse provided an opportu- nity for the patient to ask ques- tions about the pathology report and verified his understanding of the results. The return clinic visit and followup x-rays were sched- uled for 2 weeks later.
At the clinic visit, the x-rays documented that the neobladder incisions had healed, allowing for the urinary drainage tubes to be removed. The patient was instructed on daily self-catheteri- zation, voiding techniques, timed voiding, and use of the diary. He was also instructed that the bladder would continue to expand in size over the next year. Early incontinence was expected and would improve as bladder capacity increased and pelvic floor muscles strengthened over the next few months.
Porter, Wei, and Penson (2005) identify three common quality-of-life issues that these patients experience: decreased sexual functioning, inconti- nence, and altered body image. Long-range goals for the first postoperative year were devel- oped focusing on these issues. Sexual function changes could include an inability to obtain or maintain an erection, an inability to have an ejaculation, dimin- ished orgasms, and/or decreased libido. Incontinence issues are present because of the anatomi- cal changes during the diversion surgery but usually improve within a year. Body image changes are related to an alter- ation in elimination patterns, a change in sexual functioning, and the imp
ชายอายุ 60 ปีเป็น diag-จมูกโรคมะเร็งกระเพาะปัสสาวะกล้ามเนื้อรุกราน เขาได้เห็น โดย urologist ของเขาภายหลังตอนสองของ hematuria ผู้ป่วยปฏิเสธ dysuria เร่งด่วน หรือฟรี-quency เขาไม่ล่าน้ำหนัก หายใจไม่ออกหายใจ หรืออาการปวดกระดูก เขาเปลี่ยนเป็นชนิดและกระเพาะปัสสาวะตรวจชิ้นเนื้อที่เปิดเผยมะเร็งกระเพาะปัสสาวะกล้ามเนื้อรุกราน เขาถูกเรียกว่าศูนย์แพทย์ศึกษาเพิ่มเติม evalua-สเตรชันและการรักษาประวัติที่ผ่านมารวม tobac co ใช้วันละ 3 ชุดปี 45 อย่างไรก็ตาม ผู้ป่วยหยุดสูบบุหรี่ได้ 1 ปีหลังจากรุนแรงบนหายใจ infec-สเตรชัน เขาทำงานเต็มเวลาเป็นผู้รับเหมาการวาดภาพอิสระ มีรายงานไม่มีปัญหาสุขภาพอื่น ๆ เขาจะแต่งงาน และมีบุตรผู้ใหญ่สอง บุตรไม่ได้รับการว่าจ้างในธุรกิจของเขา สมบูรณ์ของเลือดและ com plete เผาผลาญนับ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่ง BUN และ creatinine ได้ภายในวงเงินปกติสำหรับอายุ การเอกซเรย์หน้าอกและ CT สแกนของช่องท้อง และเชิงกรานก็ยังปกติ Urologist ปรึกษาอธิบายตัวเลือกสำหรับผัน continent และอธิบายว่า โอกาสของเขาในระยะยาว โรค - ฟรีกู้คืนได้ดีขึ้น เขาถูกเรียกว่าการพยาบาล urologic การสอนเพิ่มเติมIn the first meeting with the urologic nurse, the patient was very agitated and anxious, announcing he did not have time for this teaching session and could not plan any surgery at this time due to the constraints of his business. His immediate con- cerns centered on his ability to pay his bills, support his family, and maintain his business. Compounding these concerns were fear, anxiety, grief, and knowledge deficit regarding the cancer diagnosis and the need to undergo surgery to remove his bladder. His wife was present, and equally anxious and tearful.Once the patient’s concerns were validated and discussed, potential community resources to help them through this diffi- cult time were identified. These included hiring associates who could work as subcontractors, identifying his wife as temporary bookkeeper, and involving the social worker to mobilize the other available community re- sources. The initial teaching ses- sion was concluded with mini- mal information being given to the patient about the surgery, but the steps taken to help him plan for his surgery contributed to a significant change in his behav- ior and willingness to consider future options. Flexibility in addressing the patient’s primary concerns rather than implement- ing the planned teaching session fostered the therapeutic nurse- patient relationship. An evening appointment was made for the next teaching session, so as to not interfere with his painting busi- ness. He was given written mate- rial to review at home prior to the next session.ในรอบที่สอง readi สบาย ๆ การเรียนถูกประเมิน ก่อน ผู้ป่วยที่ต้องอธิบายwhat he understood about the proposed surgery. He was asked if he read the material given to him at the last teaching session. He was given the opportunity to ask questions, which were then used to direct the teaching ses- sion. Body language, eye contact, and focused attention span all indicated the patient was express- ing his willingness to learn. Based upon the patient’s description of the surgery, information about anatomical changes, pre and post- operative care, and expected recovery time were discussed. Visual aids used to enhance the teaching session included an anatomical model of the bladder, prostate, and seminal vesicles. A pictorial drawing of the bowel and remodeled bladder helped the patient to understand the construction of the new bladder. The final visual aid was a repre- sentative picture of his body with the incision marked and the sites of the various drainage tubes. The written material given to him was a review of the verbal discussion regarding the pre and postoperative care. Adequate time was allowed for the patient and his wife to ask questions. As the session concluded, the uro- logic nurse provided the patient with information about the upcoming monthly support group meeting. The patient was encouraged to attend these meet- ings prior to his surgery. These meetings offer an opportunity for patients to share their experi- ences, and to support and encourage others beginning this journey. According to Peplau, developing a new sense of com- munity and comfort in a chang- ing environment, such as partici- pating in support groups, is criti- cal to maintain a positive self- image and a return to optimal health (Peplau, 1992).The patient selected the orthotopic neobladder diversion. This surgery involves removing the bladder, prostate, seminal vesicles, appendix, some of the regional nodes, and subsequent creation of a new bladder which is then connected to the urethra. This option was chosen because it provided the “most normal” approach to voiding. The patient felt that although the risk of noc- turnal incontinence was approxi- mately 10%, the benefits of a less-altered body image out- weighed the risks. He felt that routine clean intermittent cathe- terization through the stoma would impede his ability to con- tinue his painting business and make it difficult for him to main- tain his privacy about his surgery. He expressed concerns about not getting painting con- tracts if customers knew about his health condition. He under- stood the risk of erectile dysfunc- tion was similar for all of the sur- gical options presented to him.Two units of autologous blood were donated in the weeks prior to the surgery. He stopped all aspirin and aspirin-containing medications as well as all over- the-counter medications 1 week prior to surgery. Bowel-cleansing procedures began on the day before surgery and included oral intake of 3 ounces of Fleet® phos- phosoda at 10 a.m., followed by clear liquids only and antibiotics (1 gram of neomycin and ery- thromycin, at 1 p.m., 2 p.m., and 10 p.m.). He was instructed to not eat or drink after midnight.The patient was admitted to the hospital 2 hours before the surgery and taken to the pre- admission area. In the pre-admis- sion area he was again seen by the urology nurse who reviewed the education material and re- affirmed his choice of surgical intervention. Opportunity to ask questions was given. The patient was then marked for an optimal stoma site in the event the neobladder was unable to be per- formed.While hospitalized, daily teaching sessions were planned, consisting of a review of the pre- vious day’s lessons as well aspresentation of new information. The patient and his wife were taught to irrigate the neobladder, using 0.9 NS in 30 cc increments to remove mucus and blood clots. They were taught how to clean the irrigation equipment and where to purchase additional supplies as necessary. Teaching strategies stressed the impor- tance of maintaining the patency of the drainage tubes and the consequences of a blocked drainage tube. These lessons involved verbal, written, and hands-on demonstration and return demonstration. Final teaching sessions discussed the most common reasons for emer- gency room visits and how to prevent the need for these visits. A final question and answer peri- od was arranged prior to dis- charge. The patient was also given access numbers for the nurse and the physicians.Short-term goals included maintenance of the integrity of the urinary diversion, return to normal activity, improved nutri- tional status, and perhaps most importantly a focus on the psy- chosocial aspects of recovery. Anxiety, fear, anger, and depres- sion can impede the learning process. Utilization of clergy, social service, or psychologists may be beneficial and should be considered.The patient was discharged on postoperative day 8. He demonstrated care of the urinary drainage tubes and incision. He was given supplies for home use. He verbalized the importance of adequate protein in his diet and the need for six small meals daily. He also was to start taking a multivitamin daily. Protein bars and shakes had been purchased by his wife for home use. The patient stated that drinking two quarts of fluid a day seemed dif- ficult but he understood that it was necessary. Family members were recruited to assist him in his daily walks, and provided needed social contacts.The physician provided the patient with the final pathology report that staged the bladder tumor as T1, N0, M0, indicating that the cancer had not penetrat- ed through the bladder wall and did not involve any nodes or spread to any distant sites (see Figure 1). As part of the dis- charge teaching session, the uro- logic nurse provided an opportu- nity for the patient to ask ques- tions about the pathology report and verified his understanding of the results. The return clinic visit and followup x-rays were sched- uled for 2 weeks later.At the clinic visit, the x-rays documented that the neobladder incisions had healed, allowing for the urinary drainage tubes to be removed. The patient was instructed on daily self-catheteri- zation, voiding techniques, timed voiding, and use of the diary. He was also instructed that the bladder would continue to expand in size over the next year. Early incontinence was expected and would improve as bladder capacity increased and pelvic floor muscles strengthened over the next few months.Porter, Wei, and Penson (2005) identify three common quality-of-life issues that these patients experience: decreased sexual functioning, inconti- nence, and altered body image. Long-range goals for the first postoperative year were devel- oped focusing on these issues. Sexual function changes could include an inability to obtain or maintain an erection, an inability to have an ejaculation, dimin- ished orgasms, and/or decreased libido. Incontinence issues are present because of the anatomi- cal changes during the diversion surgery but usually improve within a year. Body image changes are related to an alter- ation in elimination patterns, a change in sexual functioning, and the imp
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