Procedure
Data for this study were collected in two time periods to reduce common biases when
same source data are used to assess both the predictors and the criteria (Podsakoff et al.,
2003). In the first wave of data collection, respondents completed questionnaires
measuring ethical and empowering leadership. Two weeks later, respondents
completed another questionnaire in which they rated the quality of their exchange
relationship with their manager, affective commitment towards their work unit, and
the overall effectiveness of their manager. A vast majority of the respondents (more
than 80 percent) who completed the first questionnaire also completed the second,
resulting in the matched sample of 259.