behavioral interventions, 10 (58.8%) found the intervention
superior to the control. This proportion of 58.8% was not
significantly different from the proportion of studies
reporting a superior intervention among trials which
examined other types of interventions (n = 7, 58.3%) (twosided
Fisher's exact test p = 1.0).
Exposure therapy was supported in studies showing
benefit relative to a not well-established treatment (timelimited
psychodynamic treatment) [36] and a waitlist control
[40] and not significantly different from a not wellestablished
treatment (relaxation) in one study [35]. Ronan
and Johnston [33] found an eclectic intervention with
exposure not significantly different from an eclectic
cognitive behavioral intervention. Relaxation was superior
to a waitlist control in one study [41] and equal to exposure
therapy in another [35].
The two debriefing studies failed to show benefit above
that of the control conditions [34,38]. The EMDR condition
was superior to a waitlist control in one study [42]. In another
study, the EMDR condition was not significantly different
from the waitlist condition though there was a significant
reduction of symptoms from pre- to post-intervention [43].