2.1. Participants
Fifteen Parkinson patients, many of whom played a music instrument or sang in a choir, but none professionally, were recruited for this study: six males and nine females, mean age (±SD): 65 (±8) years. Fifteen healthy participants, mean age 65 (±8) years, with similar musical interests, matched for age and gender, were recruited as controls. Patients were recruited via the local patient society as well as by advertisement on the website of the Dutch Parkinson Society. Of the nineteen patients who responded, four patients were excluded on the basis of additional pathology (CerebroVascular Accident), treatment (Deep Brain Stimulation), career (semiprofessional musician), and in one case, general inability to sing. Eight patients had left-asymmetric symptom involvement, of whom one was affected bilaterally at the time of testing. Seven patients had right-asymmetric involvement, of whom one was affected bilaterally at testing. For ethical reasons, patients were not requested to refrain from taking their normal doses of (dopamine repletion) medicine.
As patients were recruited from all over The Netherlands, data were acquired in the homes of the participants by one of the researchers (RH) who holds a master’s degree in Human Movement Science as well as two degrees in music performance. Acquisition in the homes of the patients made on-the-spot disease quantification on the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Rating Scales for Parkinson’s Disease, 2003) impossible. The visiting researcher (RH) estimated the Hoehn & Yahr score during acquisition (Hoehn & Yahr, 1967) and obtained written consent from each patient permitting the participating neurologist (BMdJ) to acquire medical information from the patient’s consulting neurologist which, however, did not consistently include UPDRS scores. Based on the available information, BMdJ established the Hoehn & Yahr scores and computed the LEDD (Levodopa Equivalent Daily Dose). Mean disease duration was 7.3 years (±3.5); mean Hoehn & Yahr score: 2 (±0.19); mean LEDD: 835 (±537). Individual Hoehn & Yahr scores, disease duration (years since diagnosis), and LEDD are reported in Table 1.
2.1. ParticipantsFifteen Parkinson patients, many of whom played a music instrument or sang in a choir, but none professionally, were recruited for this study: six males and nine females, mean age (±SD): 65 (±8) years. Fifteen healthy participants, mean age 65 (±8) years, with similar musical interests, matched for age and gender, were recruited as controls. Patients were recruited via the local patient society as well as by advertisement on the website of the Dutch Parkinson Society. Of the nineteen patients who responded, four patients were excluded on the basis of additional pathology (CerebroVascular Accident), treatment (Deep Brain Stimulation), career (semiprofessional musician), and in one case, general inability to sing. Eight patients had left-asymmetric symptom involvement, of whom one was affected bilaterally at the time of testing. Seven patients had right-asymmetric involvement, of whom one was affected bilaterally at testing. For ethical reasons, patients were not requested to refrain from taking their normal doses of (dopamine repletion) medicine.As patients were recruited from all over The Netherlands, data were acquired in the homes of the participants by one of the researchers (RH) who holds a master’s degree in Human Movement Science as well as two degrees in music performance. Acquisition in the homes of the patients made on-the-spot disease quantification on the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Rating Scales for Parkinson’s Disease, 2003) impossible. The visiting researcher (RH) estimated the Hoehn & Yahr score during acquisition (Hoehn & Yahr, 1967) and obtained written consent from each patient permitting the participating neurologist (BMdJ) to acquire medical information from the patient’s consulting neurologist which, however, did not consistently include UPDRS scores. Based on the available information, BMdJ established the Hoehn & Yahr scores and computed the LEDD (Levodopa Equivalent Daily Dose). Mean disease duration was 7.3 years (±3.5); mean Hoehn & Yahr score: 2 (±0.19); mean LEDD: 835 (±537). Individual Hoehn & Yahr scores, disease duration (years since diagnosis), and LEDD are reported in Table 1.
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