A definition of breakfast for research has been proposed as
“the first meal of the day, eaten before or at the start of daily
activities, within 2 h of waking, typically no later than 10:00 in
the morning, and of an energy level between 20% and 35% of
total daily energy needs”.1 In the past several years, research
has shown that regular breakfast consumption has important
implications for improving health,2,3 as well as improving
cognitive performance and reducing mental distress4 in young
people. Despite these reported advantages, 10%e35% of
young people in many westernised countries regularly skip
breakfast;2,510 these numbers are higher in girls compared
with boys and increase from childhood to adolescence.11 It is
important to note that this broad range in the numbers of
breakfast skippers reported may be attributed to several
factors, particularly between-study differences in the method
A definition of breakfast for research has been proposed as
“the first meal of the day, eaten before or at the start of daily
activities, within 2 h of waking, typically no later than 10:00 in
the morning, and of an energy level between 20% and 35% of
total daily energy needs”.1 In the past several years, research
has shown that regular breakfast consumption has important
implications for improving health,2,3 as well as improving
cognitive performance and reducing mental distress4 in young
people. Despite these reported advantages, 10%e35% of
young people in many westernised countries regularly skip
breakfast;2,510 these numbers are higher in girls compared
with boys and increase from childhood to adolescence.11 It is
important to note that this broad range in the numbers of
breakfast skippers reported may be attributed to several
factors, particularly between-study differences in the method
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