Civil forfeiture actions (18 USC 981) are not conviction-related and are instituted against the
offense-generated or related property itself on a preponderance of evidence standard, as opposed to the
reversed onus of proof before the CAFRA. The legal controversy about the concurrent use of civil
forfeiture actions and criminal proceedings, which in the past affected the use of civil forfeiture, was
solved by a Supreme Court ruling confirming that this did not constitute “double jeopardy”.