In accordance with UNC policy, patients are screened for
current pain with the 0–10 NRS at the time of vital sign
measurement. Patients then return to the waiting room or go
to an examination room to wait for the physician. A research
assistant approached patients during this waiting time and
invited them to enroll in the study. Consecutive available
patients were invited to participate during times when a
research assistant was present in the clinic. To ensure
adequate numbers of patients reporting pain, we oversampled
those with pain screening NRS scores of≥1. Specifically, all
eligible patients were invited to enroll until we enrolled enough
patients with a pain screening score of zero to comprise
approximately 20% of the target sample size. Thereafter, only
patients with scores of≥1 were invited to participate