3.2.2 Negative deviations
The second type of deviation, here termed a negative deviation, comes from the need to avoid certain barriers or to minimize the distance travelled through high-cost areas.Losch (1954, p. 184) has commented on the application of the laws of refraction' to the study of route location. Fig 3.2 shows two standard applications of Shell's (Sears and Zemansky, 1964, p. 842) in a law simplified context. The problem is to find a sea-land route by which a product can be shipped as cheaply as possible from i to j, and to locate a new port along the coastline at the trans-shipment point. We assume that the coastline is everywhere favourable equally costly for port construction. The direct and route between i and j crosses the coastline at a (Figure 3.24). If we introduce a practical element of transport cost, know that the cost of overland hauls is we not the same as for ocean hauls. We assume a cheap ocean freight rate, fi, and a more costly land freight rate, f2. Losch has shown that the least-cost location of the port will be where