It is easy to forget that public education is a relatively new phenomenon. Even in the U.S., which has a relatively developed education system, public schools only started flourishing in the early 19th century. Before that, while the affluent were able to hire tutors for their children, most education of children took place within the family and the community. Some people are now going back to teaching children themselves (or hiring tutors), especially in countries where the mainstream education system is considered poor. The laws regarding homeschooling can be complex and vary widely from country to country. In some countries, such as France, England, Indonesia, and the United States, homeschooling is permitted by law. In other countries like Japan or Spain, laws are not so clear; homeschooling goes on but isn't formally permitted by existing laws. Other countries, including Germany and Brazil, ban homeschooling altogether. At one time, there was stigma associated with homeschooling because it was traditionally for students who had behavioral or learning difficulties and could not keep up with the rest of the class. Today, there are many compelling arguments for educating one's children at home. Some of it stems from dissatisfaction with the mainstream education system. Teacher shortages and lack of funding mean that, in many schools, one teacher is responsible for 30 or 40 pupils; children are often deprived of the attention they need. Bullying and increasing classroom violence have also motivated some parents to remove their children from school. Parents may also choose to homeschool for religious or political reasons.