by a lack of
reciprocity at work. In this model, the work role in adult
life is considered a basic tool to link important emotional
and motivational needs of a person, such as self-esteem
and self-ef®cacy, with the social opportunity structure.
The availability of an occupational status is associated
with recurrent options of contributing and performing (job
tasks), of being rewarded and esteemed (salary, income),
and of belonging to some signi®cant group