remaining non-traditional dough formulations, the optimum hydration level was 30, 32, and 30% for SFF, WWFF and SWWFF, respectively.
FF also acted as a dough plasticizer as it reduced k values of samples when compared to the same type of dough with no FF. The high lipid content of FF (Manthey et al., 2002) reduces the amount of water that FF can absorb (Villeneuve et al., 2013), making more water to be available for the other ingredients during the ingredient hydration step