century or earlier (Hameed & Gong, 1993).Within Europe, data sets exist from the
eighteenth century onwards, with a few also from the fifteenth century. Two examples
of this are the very long record of wheat harvest dates in Sussex from 1769
to 1910 (Figure 4.1) and grapevine harvest in France, Switzerland and Rhineland
(Figure 4.2a). A slightly later series on horse chestnut leafing dates in Geneva commenced
in 1808 and continues to the current day (Defila & Clot, 2001). The latter
has shown considerable variation in timing of 110 days with a steady advance from
the beginning of the twentieth century to the current day. The mean date of leafing
around 1900 was early April and is currently the end of February.With a series such
as this, it is inevitable that heat and light pollution in the city will have had some
impact (R¨otzer et al., 2000) on leafing dates over and above that which would occur
in the countryside. Considerable variation in vegetation development can also be
seen in photographs of plants taken on fixed calendar dates, for example by Willis
(1944).
century or earlier (Hameed & Gong, 1993).Within Europe, data sets exist from theeighteenth century onwards, with a few also from the fifteenth century. Two examplesof this are the very long record of wheat harvest dates in Sussex from 1769to 1910 (Figure 4.1) and grapevine harvest in France, Switzerland and Rhineland(Figure 4.2a). A slightly later series on horse chestnut leafing dates in Geneva commencedin 1808 and continues to the current day (Defila & Clot, 2001). The latterhas shown considerable variation in timing of 110 days with a steady advance fromthe beginning of the twentieth century to the current day. The mean date of leafingaround 1900 was early April and is currently the end of February.With a series suchas this, it is inevitable that heat and light pollution in the city will have had someimpact (R¨otzer et al., 2000) on leafing dates over and above that which would occurin the countryside. Considerable variation in vegetation development can also beseen in photographs of plants taken on fixed calendar dates, for example by Willis(1944).
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century or earlier (Hameed & Gong, 1993).Within Europe, data sets exist from the
eighteenth century onwards, with a few also from the fifteenth century. Two examples
of this are the very long record of wheat harvest dates in Sussex from 1769
to 1910 (Figure 4.1) and grapevine harvest in France, Switzerland and Rhineland
(Figure 4.2a). A slightly later series on horse chestnut leafing dates in Geneva commenced
in 1808 and continues to the current day (Defila & Clot, 2001). The latter
has shown considerable variation in timing of 110 days with a steady advance from
the beginning of the twentieth century to the current day. The mean date of leafing
around 1900 was early April and is currently the end of February.With a series such
as this, it is inevitable that heat and light pollution in the city will have had some
impact (R¨otzer et al., 2000) on leafing dates over and above that which would occur
in the countryside. Considerable variation in vegetation development can also be
seen in photographs of plants taken on fixed calendar dates, for example by Willis
(1944).
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