From the Marxist analysis of punishment as part of the repressive appar¬atus of the state, for example, have come studies of the link between punish¬ment and inequality, found in the work of Box (1987) and others. The class analysis of Marxism has been reformulated to encompass other dimensions of oppression, notably those of gender and race. The work of writers such as Carlen (e.g. 1983; 1988) on the penal repression of women, and Headley (1989) and Sabol (1989) on race and criminal justice, are examples of such investigations. These writers will be mentioned in Part Two (Chapters 6-9) as demonstrating refinements or applications of the 'master theories' under examination, but, again, more comprehensive coverage of their work will be found in the companion volumes in this series.