Flanagan (1960) has developed a nonverbal intelligence test (Tests of General Ability or TOGA)
which is not explicitly dependent on such school learned skills as reading, writing, and arithmetic.
The test is composed of two types of items, “verbal” and “reasoning.” The “verbal” items
measure the child’s level of information, vocabulary, and concepts. The “reasoning” items measure
the child’s concept formation ability by employing abstract line drawings. Flanagan’s purpose
in developing the TOGA was “to provide a relatively fair measure of intelligence for all
individuals, even those who have had atypical opportunities to learn” (1960, p. 6).