Historically, Florida soils stored the largest amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) among the conterminous
U.S. states (2.26 Pg). This region experienced rapid land use/land cover (LULC) shifts and climate change in the
past decades. The effects of these changes on SOC sequestration are unknown. The objectives of this study
were to 1) investigate the change in SOC stocks in Florida to determine if soils have acted as a net sink or net
source for carbon (C) over the past four decades and 2) identify the concomitant effects of LULC, LULC change,
and climate on the SOC change. A total of 1080 sites were sampled in the topsoil (0–20 cm) between 2008
and 2009 representing the current SOC stocks, 194 of which were selected to collocate with historical
sites (n = 1251) from the Florida Soil Characterization Database (1965–1996) for direct comparison.
Results show that SOC stocks significantly differed among LULC classes – sugarcane and wetland contained
the highest SOC, followed by improved pasture, urban, mesic upland forest, rangeland, and pineland while
crop, citrus and xeric upland forest remained the lowest. The surface 20 cm soils acted as a net sink for C
with the median SOC significantly increasing from 2.69 to 3.40 kg m−2 over the past decades. The SOC
sequestration rate was LULC dependent and controlled by climate factors interacting with LULC.
Higher temperature tended to accelerate SOC accumulation, while higher precipitation reduced the SOC
sequestration rate. Land use/land cover change observed over the past four decades also favored the C
sequestration in soils due to the increase in the C-rich wetland area by ~140% and decrease in the C-poor
agricultural area by ~20%. Soils are likely to provide a substantial soil C sink considering the climate and
LULC projections for this region.