agents. However, in all these models, the financial friction is the only distortion in the economy. The question of how the pursuit of financial stability may affect macroeconomic stability is there- fore novel relative to this literature.
The third and final is a small, but growing literature that considers both macroeconomic and fi- nancial frictions at the same time. Benigno, Chen, Otrok, Rebucci, and Young (2011) analyze a fully specified new open economy macroeconomics 3-period model that features the same finan- cial friction analyzed here and Calvo-style nominal rigidities. The solution of the fully non-linear version of that model (i.e., without resorting to approximation techniques) shows that there is
a trade-off between macroeconomic and financial stability, but it is quantitatively too small to warrant the use of a second policy instrument in addition to the interest rate. Kashyap and Stein (2012) use a modified version of the pecuniary externality framework of Stein (2012) where the central bank has both a price stability and a financial stability objective. Similar to our findings, a trade-off emerges between the two objectives when the policy interest rate is the only instrument and it disappears when there is a second instrument (a non-zero interest rate on reserves, in their case). However, they do not model the price stability objective explicitly. Woodford (2012), in contrast, sets up a New Keynesian model with credit frictions, where the probability of a finan- cial crisis is endogenous (i.e., it is a regime-switching process that depends on the model vari- ables). Woodford characterizes optimal policy in this environment, showing that —under certain circumstances— the central bank may face a trade-off between macroeconomic and financial sta- bility. However, he does not explicitly model financial stability.
In contrast, in our paper, both the macroeconomic and the financial stability objective are well defined and each objective originates from a friction that we model explicitly. The interaction be- tween the macroeconomic and the financial friction delivers a stark trade-off between macroe- conomic and financial stability, that helps rationalize the role of monetary policy and macro- prudential policy (or the lack of thereof) in the run-up to the Great Recession in the United States.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the model economy. Sections
3 and 4 characterize the decentralized and the socially planned equilibrium of the economy, re- spectively. In Section 5 we discuss the implications of our model in terms of the role played by U.S. monetary policy for the stability of the financial system in the run-up to the Great Recession. Section 6 concludes.
II THE MODEL
We include monopolistic banking and real interest rate rigidities in the pecuniary externality framework of Jeanne and Korinek (2010a). In Jeanne and Korinek (2010a)’s set up, consumers
agents. However, in all these models, the financial friction is the only distortion in the economy. The question of how the pursuit of financial stability may affect macroeconomic stability is there- fore novel relative to this literature.The third and final is a small, but growing literature that considers both macroeconomic and fi- nancial frictions at the same time. Benigno, Chen, Otrok, Rebucci, and Young (2011) analyze a fully specified new open economy macroeconomics 3-period model that features the same finan- cial friction analyzed here and Calvo-style nominal rigidities. The solution of the fully non-linear version of that model (i.e., without resorting to approximation techniques) shows that there isa trade-off between macroeconomic and financial stability, but it is quantitatively too small to warrant the use of a second policy instrument in addition to the interest rate. Kashyap and Stein (2012) use a modified version of the pecuniary externality framework of Stein (2012) where the central bank has both a price stability and a financial stability objective. Similar to our findings, a trade-off emerges between the two objectives when the policy interest rate is the only instrument and it disappears when there is a second instrument (a non-zero interest rate on reserves, in their case). However, they do not model the price stability objective explicitly. Woodford (2012), in contrast, sets up a New Keynesian model with credit frictions, where the probability of a finan- cial crisis is endogenous (i.e., it is a regime-switching process that depends on the model vari- ables). Woodford characterizes optimal policy in this environment, showing that —under certain circumstances— the central bank may face a trade-off between macroeconomic and financial sta- bility. However, he does not explicitly model financial stability.In contrast, in our paper, both the macroeconomic and the financial stability objective are well defined and each objective originates from a friction that we model explicitly. The interaction be- tween the macroeconomic and the financial friction delivers a stark trade-off between macroe- conomic and financial stability, that helps rationalize the role of monetary policy and macro- prudential policy (or the lack of thereof) in the run-up to the Great Recession in the United States.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the model economy. Sections3 and 4 characterize the decentralized and the socially planned equilibrium of the economy, re- spectively. In Section 5 we discuss the implications of our model in terms of the role played by U.S. monetary policy for the stability of the financial system in the run-up to the Great Recession. Section 6 concludes.II THE MODELWe include monopolistic banking and real interest rate rigidities in the pecuniary externality framework of Jeanne and Korinek (2010a). In Jeanne and Korinek (2010a)’s set up, consumers
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