There are several different positions among scholars in regard to the relationship between the town of NST and Nielloware. Either as the place of origin of Niello in Thailand or as a recipient of the craft from Ayutthaya the role of NST is one of prominence. Not only does NST stand out in the production of Nielloware objects for the courts of Ayutthaya and Bangkok but it also claims importance as a prime center for the training of Niello artists.
Nakhon Si Thammarat is situated in the vicinity of the Isthmus of Kra. Throughout the years Nakhon Si Thammarat has also been known as Ligor or Lagor. It was the capital of the Tambralinga (also known as Tampornling) kingdom. Archaeological evidence suggests that the region has been inhabited for many centuries, however, the historical accounts about the kingdom are incomplete and do not give enough information about the continuity of the settlements in the region.
Prehistoric artifacts, from as early as 6500 through 4200 B.C., have been found in this province. There are also vestiges that indicate the development of metallurgy in the area between the 1st century B.C. and the 6th century C.E. Some of those remnants indicate contact with foreign cultures, both from the East and the West, during that time.[24] The Thai scholar Dr. Sawai Suthipitak states that the city was established around 343 B.C. [25]
Most authors agree that the Isthmus of Kra was the shortest way to cross the Malay Peninsula in order to avoid both the treacherous straits in the southern part of the peninsula and the pirates in the same area. Hence, during the 1st century C.E. the Isthmus was an obligated stop in the commercial routes that connected India -and further west the Mediterranean, to Funan and China in the East.[26] Dr. Suthipitak indicates that Tampornling is mentioned in Chinese historical records from the T'ang dynasty (268-287 C.E.)
Archaeological findings in Oc-eo, part of the Funan kingdom, include Indian jewelry and other Indian objects, as well as Chinese and Roman artifacts.[27] Consequently, it is not farfetched to propose, based on the archaeological evidence from NST and Oc-eo, that merchants from those cultures, or in contact with some of those cultures, must have used the commercial route that included a brief overland portion in the vicinity of NST
According to Shaffer, after the 6th century C.E. the Isthmus of Kra lost importance when other commercial routes, which did not required overland portage, became more prevalent.[28] Nonetheless, archaeological evidence in the form of Srivijaya objects from 7th to 11th centuries C.E. suggests that the region retained some importance and that it also maintained ties with the Srivijaya kingdom. Moreover, the existence in the region of Dvaravati objects and coins from the 7th and 8th centuries C.E. as well as Funan currency found in this area gives the impression that commercial exchanges continued to take place in NST. Moreover, the attacks on the kingdom by the Saliendra ruler from Java in the year 775 C.E.[29] , point to the importance of this regional crossroads.
Several types of currency have been discovered in the vicinity of NST. It is believed that the oldest examples were produced locally by Hindu Brahmins in the 7th - 8th century C.E. Namo money, a type of coin locally associated with good fortune, appears in the region in the 9th century. Namo money are silver minted coins sporting the Sanskrit character nor.
Some authors indicate that the king Rajendra Chola of Southern India taking forceful control of Ligor around 1025 C.E. for a period of twenty years. It was believed that NST was under Sinhalese rule from 1060 to 1200 AD. However, historian Hall [30] credits Wyatt with a more accurate dating supported by old documents that indicate control of Nakhon Si Thammarat by Sri Lanka from 1130 to 1176 C.E. During that time there was a struggle over the control of the port between the Sinhalese, the Burmese and Khmer forces. Subsequently, ca. 1176, King Narapatisthu of Pagan took control of Trambralinga 'with permission of the King of Sri Lanka'. In the 12th century Tambralinga established a trading partnership with China independent from Srivijayan influence.
In Thai scholarly records there is a legend about the foundation of NST by Phraya Srithammasokaraj. The legend narrates that Phraya Srithammasokaraj fled India at the time of a Muslim invasion. Once he found an appropriate area, Srithammasokaraj ordered the performance of a ritual for nine days. As part of the ritual Brahmins spread namo coins in the direction of the four cardinal points, in order to ensure good fortune for the new town. This is interpreted by some as a historical link between NST, silver and Indian settlers.
Around the 14th century C.E., Sukhothai was annexed to the powerful kingdom of Ayutthaya. In 1518, King Ramathiibodi II granted the Portuguese permission to trade with four Thai cities, namely Ayutthaya, Marit, NST and Pattani.
There is sufficient evidence to assume that the Tambralinga kingdom was a point of encounter for peoples coming from India, the Dvaravati kingdom, Srivijaya, Funan and China and perhaps for other civilizations farther away in the West as well. The continuous transit of people and goods through the area makes it feasible for an exchange influence of ideas and techniques to occur.
There are several different positions among scholars in regard to the relationship between the town of NST and Nielloware. Either as the place of origin of Niello in Thailand or as a recipient of the craft from Ayutthaya the role of NST is one of prominence. Not only does NST stand out in the production of Nielloware objects for the courts of Ayutthaya and Bangkok but it also claims importance as a prime center for the training of Niello artists.
Nakhon Si Thammarat is situated in the vicinity of the Isthmus of Kra. Throughout the years Nakhon Si Thammarat has also been known as Ligor or Lagor. It was the capital of the Tambralinga (also known as Tampornling) kingdom. Archaeological evidence suggests that the region has been inhabited for many centuries, however, the historical accounts about the kingdom are incomplete and do not give enough information about the continuity of the settlements in the region.
Prehistoric artifacts, from as early as 6500 through 4200 B.C., have been found in this province. There are also vestiges that indicate the development of metallurgy in the area between the 1st century B.C. and the 6th century C.E. Some of those remnants indicate contact with foreign cultures, both from the East and the West, during that time.[24] The Thai scholar Dr. Sawai Suthipitak states that the city was established around 343 B.C. [25]
Most authors agree that the Isthmus of Kra was the shortest way to cross the Malay Peninsula in order to avoid both the treacherous straits in the southern part of the peninsula and the pirates in the same area. Hence, during the 1st century C.E. the Isthmus was an obligated stop in the commercial routes that connected India -and further west the Mediterranean, to Funan and China in the East.[26] Dr. Suthipitak indicates that Tampornling is mentioned in Chinese historical records from the T'ang dynasty (268-287 C.E.)
Archaeological findings in Oc-eo, part of the Funan kingdom, include Indian jewelry and other Indian objects, as well as Chinese and Roman artifacts.[27] Consequently, it is not farfetched to propose, based on the archaeological evidence from NST and Oc-eo, that merchants from those cultures, or in contact with some of those cultures, must have used the commercial route that included a brief overland portion in the vicinity of NST
According to Shaffer, after the 6th century C.E. the Isthmus of Kra lost importance when other commercial routes, which did not required overland portage, became more prevalent.[28] Nonetheless, archaeological evidence in the form of Srivijaya objects from 7th to 11th centuries C.E. suggests that the region retained some importance and that it also maintained ties with the Srivijaya kingdom. Moreover, the existence in the region of Dvaravati objects and coins from the 7th and 8th centuries C.E. as well as Funan currency found in this area gives the impression that commercial exchanges continued to take place in NST. Moreover, the attacks on the kingdom by the Saliendra ruler from Java in the year 775 C.E.[29] , point to the importance of this regional crossroads.
Several types of currency have been discovered in the vicinity of NST. It is believed that the oldest examples were produced locally by Hindu Brahmins in the 7th - 8th century C.E. Namo money, a type of coin locally associated with good fortune, appears in the region in the 9th century. Namo money are silver minted coins sporting the Sanskrit character nor.
Some authors indicate that the king Rajendra Chola of Southern India taking forceful control of Ligor around 1025 C.E. for a period of twenty years. It was believed that NST was under Sinhalese rule from 1060 to 1200 AD. However, historian Hall [30] credits Wyatt with a more accurate dating supported by old documents that indicate control of Nakhon Si Thammarat by Sri Lanka from 1130 to 1176 C.E. During that time there was a struggle over the control of the port between the Sinhalese, the Burmese and Khmer forces. Subsequently, ca. 1176, King Narapatisthu of Pagan took control of Trambralinga 'with permission of the King of Sri Lanka'. In the 12th century Tambralinga established a trading partnership with China independent from Srivijayan influence.
In Thai scholarly records there is a legend about the foundation of NST by Phraya Srithammasokaraj. The legend narrates that Phraya Srithammasokaraj fled India at the time of a Muslim invasion. Once he found an appropriate area, Srithammasokaraj ordered the performance of a ritual for nine days. As part of the ritual Brahmins spread namo coins in the direction of the four cardinal points, in order to ensure good fortune for the new town. This is interpreted by some as a historical link between NST, silver and Indian settlers.
Around the 14th century C.E., Sukhothai was annexed to the powerful kingdom of Ayutthaya. In 1518, King Ramathiibodi II granted the Portuguese permission to trade with four Thai cities, namely Ayutthaya, Marit, NST and Pattani.
There is sufficient evidence to assume that the Tambralinga kingdom was a point of encounter for peoples coming from India, the Dvaravati kingdom, Srivijaya, Funan and China and perhaps for other civilizations farther away in the West as well. The continuous transit of people and goods through the area makes it feasible for an exchange influence of ideas and techniques to occur.
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