According to the independent forms model of withdrawal, lateness, absenteeism, and turnover each have a unique etiology. In its extreme form, this model is taken to predict near-zero covariances among uniquely determined withdrawal behaviors (Rosse & Miller, 1984). However, a more precise characterization of the independent forms model might be that it predicts differential connections of job attitudes to each type of withdrawal behavior. Under an independent forms model of withdrawal, a model fitted to attitude-behavior correlations that keeps lateness, absenteeism, and turnover distinct (and therefore includes no underlying withdrawal construct) should fit best. In contrast, for the compensatory forms and alternative forms models, single withdrawal behaviors are assumed to be substitutable in specific ways for one another. Rosse and Miller (1984) described them in terms of “water under pressure”; the metaphoric flowing water is the urge to with draw from a dissatisfying work environment .