addition to the major criticism that ANNs lack transparency,
ANNs still suffer from limitations and problems; and a significant
research effort is needed to address these deficiencies
of ANNs. It is well known that the deficiency of ANNs come
from the initial weight parameter and imbalance of training
data set in the ANN development process (Maier et al., 2010;
Kasiviswanathan et al., 2013).
The ANN model gives different results for the same original
inputs, depending on the initial weight parameter set,
before training the neural network. Problems with the initial
weight parameters often force the ANN modelers to select a
single “good” result, and accept it as the final result, omitting
explanation of the optimal initial weight parameter. Using a