Research results imply that one cannot simply assume cross-cultural pervasiveness
of the integrative and instrumental orientations. L2 learning goals
can break up into different orientation clusters, the definitions of which vary
depending upon the sociocultural setting in which the data are gathered. For example,
success with the language itself can lead to enhanced motivation. Thus,
new motivation clusters, which are all considered specific types of orientations
for learning the target language, have been identified, such as intrinsic and
extrinsic motivations, orientations for travel, and intellectual ability