For this research, students completed the pre- and post- Metacognitive Activity
Inventory (MCAI) questionnaire individually. The MCAI consisted of 27 questions that ask
about the frequency (always, sometimes, never) of specific metacognitive activities, which
were translated into Japanese. MCAI questionnaire was given to identify metacognitive
activities that are usually performed when students solve a problem (Cooper & Sandi-Urena,
2008). Questions 1 to 19 are positive statements, while items 20 to 27 are negative
statements. The positive statement "always" was scored as 5 points, "sometimes" 3 points,
and "never " 1 point. For negative statements, the scoring was opposite of positive
statements