price is
€
6.3, and for orders above 100 cells the unit costs
€
6.1. It
would need for instance 56 cells, 7 serial
8 parallel, to build a
0.58 kW h battery with a nominal voltage around 24 V. This bat-
tery would cost
€
453 (
€
353 for the cells and roughly
€
100 for the
connection box and electronics), which implies a specific cost of
781
€
/kW h. Assuming an annual cost reduction of 7% due to the
learning curve, the cell cost would drop to
€
4.5 in 2020,
€
3.2 in
2025 and
€
2.3 in 2030. The same battery would then cost
€
229
in 2030 (
€
129 for the cells and roughly
€
100 for the connection
box and electronics), which implies a specific cost of 395
€
/kW h.
Following the same reasoning,
Table 2
provides the evolutionary
Li-ion battery cost and specific cost for the capacity range from
0.5 to 1 kW h, while
Table 3
summarizes the other modeling inputs
in iHOGA for the battery.
For the GHG emissions associated to the manufacture of the
Li-ion battery we use for the year 2015 the value provided by
[41]
of 18 kg equivalent CO
2
for 1 kW h of battery capacity and
add to it 2 kg CO
2
for transportation and recycling. The
gradual GHG emission reduction assumed in
Table 3
down to 17
kgCO
2
/kW h in 2030 is a conservative assumption.
It has to be highlighted here that indoor installation is consid-
ered for the battery in this paper, which results in favorable oper-
ation conditions, especially when it comes to the temperature. This
is especially feasible for Li-ion batteries as they are relatively light
and compact, they are fully sealed, do not require any gas ventila-
tion and do not represent any hazard buy the correct choice of bat-
tery. Further information on Li-ion batteries is available in
[42–55]
.