Cooperative learning relies on the principles of instructional design of Hannafin, Hannafin, Land, & Oliver
(1997) and Robert Resier, John Dempsey (2002). They proposed a framework for designing learning activities.
The following are teaching and learning activities in accordance with constructivist: 1) analysis stage which comprises
analyses of learning context, learner, problem described, key concepts indentified for the occurrence of learning
concept; 2) design stage which comprises learning goals, indentify learning sequences, and context – driven
evaluation; 3) development stage which comprises the construction of learning resource/artifacts; 4) implementation
stage which comprises the teacher, consulting, facilitating, directing, controlling, and problem solving; and 5)
evaluation stage – how a learner knows.