To test the efficacy of constructivist versus exposition-centered
course designs, we focused on the design of class sessions—as
opposed to laboratories, homework assignments, or other exercises.
More specifically, we compared the results of experiments
that documented student performance in courses with at least
some active learning versus traditional lecturing, by metaanalyzing
225 studies in the published and unpublished literature. The active
learning interventions varied widely in intensity and implementation,
and included approaches as diverse as occasional group
problem-solving, worksheets or tutorials completed during class,
use of personal response systems with or without peer instruction,
and studio or workshop course designs. We followed guidelines for
best practice in quantitative reviews (SI Materials and Methods),
and evaluated student performance using two outcome variables:
(i) scores on identical or formally equivalent examinations, concept
inventories, or other assessments; or (ii) failure rates, usually
measured as the percentage of students receiving a D or F grade
or withdrawing from the course in question (DFW rate).