4.2 Occupational Exposure Data, Air and Dermal Wipe Sampling ............ 28
4.2.1 NIOSH/FHWA Evaluation of Asphalt Paving Workers ............ 28
4.2.2 NIOSH Evaluation of Asphalt Paving among Tunnel Workers ...... 29
4.2.3 Cross-Sectional Occupational Exposure Assessment Study ......... 29
4.2.4 Exxon Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Asphalt Workers ............ 33
4.2.5 Occupational Dermal Exposures .............................. 35
4.2.6 Summary ................................................ 36
4.3 Biomarkers .................................................... 36
4.3.1 Urinary Thioethers ........................................ 37
4.3.2 Urinary Glucaric Acid ...................................... 37
4.3.3 Mutagenic Activity in Urine ................................. 38
4.3.4 Sister Chromatid Exchange .................................. 39
4.3.5 Urinary 1-Hydroxypyrene ................................... 39
4.3.6 DNA Adducts ............................................ 41
4.3.7 Conclusions .............................................. 42
5 HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS ................................. 47
5.1 Acute Health Effects ............................................. 47
5.1.1 Health Effects Associated with Asphalt Exposures during Paving . . 47
5.1.2 Health Effects Associated with Asphalt Exposures in the Roofing
Industry ............................................... 51
5.1.3 Health Effects Associated with Asphalt Exposure among Roofers
and Pavers ............................................. 52
5.1.4 Health Effects Associated with Asphalt Exposures in Other Occupations . 53
5.1.5 Health Effects among Asphalt Workers Reported in Other Studies . . 55
5.1.6 Conclusions ............................................. 57
5.2 Chronic Health Effects ........................................... 58
5.2.1 Pavers ................................................. 59
5.2.1.1 Cohort Studies .................................... 59
5.2.1.2 Case-Control Studies ............................... 69
5.2.2 Roofers ................................................ 69
5.2.2.1 Cohort Studies .................................... 69
5.2.2.2 Case-Control Studies ............................... 71
5.2.3 Meta-analysis of Asphalt Workers and Roofers ................. 72
5.2.4 Other Studies of Asphalt Exposure ........................... 73
5.2.4.1 Cohort Studies .................................... 73
5.2.4.2 Case-Control Studies ............................... 73
5.2.5 Conclusions ............................................. 75
5.2.5.1 Lung Cancer among Pavers .......................... 75
5.2.5.2 Lung Cancer among Roofers ......................... 75
5.2.5.3 Cancers at Other Sites .............................. 75