Lactoferrin is a globular whey protein which denatures and aggregates with heat (Brisson et al. 2007). However, inthe presence of calcium ions, its heat stability is greatly increased. An emulsion stabilised by 1% lactoferrin to which5–25 mM calcium chloride was added did not gel when heated at 90 °C for 10 min, where as a control without added calcium ions formed a strong gel under the same conditions(McCart hy et al. 2014). In the same study, lactoferrin was shown to inhibit calcium-induced aggregation of b-casein.These findings have important implications for infant formulae in which both lactoferrin and b-casein are used.Preheated whey proteins undergo ‘cold gelation’ at room temperature in the presence of added ionic calcium (Barbutand Foegeding 1993). Addition of low calcium levels(~10 mM) produces clear gels, while addition of high calcium levels (≥180 mM) produces cloudy gels. Preheating toat least 70 °C for 30 min is required for such cold calcium-induced gelation, but preheating to higher temperatures such as 90 °C or for longer times (to 80 min) produces stronger and clearer gels (Hongsprabhas and Barbut 1996). Cold-setgels have been shown to have significantly higher water-holding capacity and strength than heat-set gels